Unit 2 Chapter 9 Periodization Early Middle Ages

Unit 2, Chapter 9

Periodization Early Middle Ages: 500 – 1000 High Middle Ages: 1000 – 1250 Late Middle Ages: 1250 - 1500

Europe in the 6 c

Setting the Stage: Europe 600– 1000 • Caliphates took Iberian peninsula • Carolingian Empire – Gaul, Germany, & Italy • Pope – southern Italy • Treaty of Verdun (843) – French speaking west – German speaking east • Vikings – Scandinavia • Celts & Saxons - Britain

Vikings • Plundered the English & French coasts • Established settlements – – – Iceland Greenland Newfoundland • William the Conqueror (Normandy 1066)

Politics & the Church • Relationship between kings & pope was tense • 800 – pope crowned Charlemagne first Holy Roman Emperor • Canon Law (Excommunication) • Jurisdiction • Who should appoint bishops?

Investiture Controversy • Controversy between the church and lay lords over Bishop appointments • Also applies to conflict of popes and kings • Excommunication of Holy Roman Emperor, Henry IV • Led to Concordat of Worms in 1122

The Medieval Catholic Church v filled the power vacuum left from the collapse of the classical world v monasticism: § St. Benedict – Benedictine Rule of poverty, chastity, and obedience § provided schools for the children of the upper class § inns, hospitals, refuge in times of war § libraries & scriptoria to copy books and illuminate manuscripts § monks missionaries to the barbarians. [St. Patrick, St. Boniface]

The Power of the Medieval Church v bishops and abbots played a large part in the feudal system v the church controlled about 1/3 of the land in Western Europe v tried to curb feudal warfare only 40 days a year for combat v curb heresies crusades; Inquisition v tithe 1/10 tax on your assets given to the church

A Medieval Monk’s Day

Charlemagne: 742 to 814

Charlemagne’s Empire

Pope Crowned Charlemagne Holy Roman Emperor: Dec. 25, 800

Medieval Economy • • • Switch to more agrarian Roman roads in disrepair Back to bartering Germanic lords focus on self-sufficiency Decline of literacy Rise of manors – Small farms given to large landowners in exchange for political & physical protection

The Medieval Manor

Life on the Medieval Manor Serfs at work

Feudalism A political, economic, and social system based on loyalty and military service.

Carcassonne: A Medieval Castle

Parts of a Medieval Castle

The Road to Knighthood KNIGHT SQUIRE PAGE

Chivalry: A Code of Honor and Behavior

Revival of Western Europe 1000 -1200 • Growth in population and agricultural output • Reasons: – New technologies • Plow; draft harnesses, iron horseshoes, horse collar – Seaborne trade • Venice • Revival of coinage – Growth of cities • Esp. in Italy Coincided & contributed to the CRUSADES!

The Crusades • Contributions – Reforming leaders of the Latin Church promoted the Truce of God – Ambitious rulers were looking for new lands to conquer – Italian merchants wanted to increase trade in the eastern Mediterranean and acquire posts in Muslim territory – Rivalry between popes and kings – Desire of church to demonstrate political authority over western Chrisiandom

Focus on the Holy Land • Pious pilgrims often visited the relics of Rome or Constantinople • Some went to Antioch or Jerusalem • Pilgrims brought back tales from their trips • Battle of Manzikert – Seljuk Turks defeated Byzantines making pilgrimages difficult • Byzantine emperor asked both the Western Church for help to recapture the Kingdom of Heaven – “God wills it!”

Pope Urban II: Preaching a Crusade

Setting Out on Crusade

The Crusades • • • 1 st – captured Jerusalem 1099 Muslims retook the city in 1187 Many attempts to retake the city Defeated by Saladin Christians lost Constantinople in last Crusade

Christian Crusades: East and West

Impact of the Crusades • Exposure to Muslim culture & technology • Arabic translations on Greek philosophical & scientific works as well as Iranian & Arab original works stimulated European thought • Will lead into the Renaissance!

Medieval Universities

Oxford University

Late Medieval Town Dwellings

Medieval Trade

Medieval Guilds Guild Hall v Commercial Monopoly: § Controlled membership apprentice journeyman master craftsman § Controlled quality of the product [masterpiece]. § Controlled prices