UNIT 2 CELLS OBJECTIVE 1 DESCRIBE THE FUNDAMENTAL

UNIT 2: CELLS OBJECTIVE 1: DESCRIBE THE FUNDAMENTAL CHEMISTRY OF LIVING CELLS OBJECTIVE 2: DESCRIBE THE FLOW OF ENERGY AND MATTER IN CELLULAR FUNCTION OBJECTIVE 3: INVESTIGATE THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF CELLS AND CELL PARTS

UNIT KEY VOCABULARY • Organelles • Fat • Photosynthesis • Nucleic Acid • Respiration • Enzyme • Cellular Respiration • Chlorophyll • Osmosis • Cell Membrane • Diffusion • Nucleus • Active Transport • Cell Wall • Homeostasis • Solvent • Cell Theory • Solute • Organic • Adhesion • Carbohydrate • Cohesion • Fermentation • Microorganism • Protein

WHAT ARE YOU MADE OF? • Living things are made of matter, which in turn, consists of chemical substances. • A chemical substance is a material that has a definite chemical composition, such as an element or compound. • An element is a pure substance that cannot be broken down into different types of substances. • A compound is a new substance that forms when atoms of two or more elements react with one another. • Ionic bonds – take and give electrons. Covalent bonds – share electrons.

WHAT ARE YOU MADE OF? • Our cells contain many elements, but 6 of them are more abundantly found than others. • A trace element is an element that is required by living things in small amounts, such as iron or calcium.

PARTS OF AN ATOM HOW TO READ THE PERIODIC TABLE • Nucleus • The center of the atom • Electron • Virtually no mass, negatively charged, found around the nucleus • Proton • Found in nucleus, positively charged • Neutron • Found in nucleus, neutral charge

CHNOPS

CHNOPS JIGSAW • Each student will be given one of the elements, they will need to learn about that element, discuss with others of the same element, and then explain it to their group of 6 (all elements represented). • 5 min to read over your part • 10 -15 min to share with their group (all the C’s, etc. ) • 10 -15 min to share with the rest of the elements

MACROMOLECULES: ARE YOU WHAT YOU EAT? • Organic compounds (compounds that contain the element Carbon) are essential to all known life on Earth. Organic compounds are chemical substances that make up organisms and carry out life processes. • Large organic molecules known as macromolecules, are composed of smaller organic molecules linked together. There are four classes of macromolecules: • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Proteins • Nucleic acids

CARBOHYDRATES • Organic compounds such as sugars and starches that provide quick energy. • Contain only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen • The most common type of the four types of major molecules. • Monomers are monosaccharides and Polymers are polysaccharides • Sugars include sucrose, fructose, and lactose. Starches include foods like potatoes and pasta.

LIPIDS • Organic compound that includes the fat, oils, and waxes. • Provides long-term energy source for organisms and forms cell membranes. • Contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. • Monomers are glycerol and fatty acids. Polymers are phospholipids, fats, oils, waxes, and steroids.

PROTEINS • Organic compounds composed of amino acids and includes enzymes, antibodies and muscle fibers. • Provides cell structure and speeds up chemical reactions (enzymes). • Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and, in some cases, sulfur. • Monomers are amino acids. Polymers are polypeptides.

NUCLEIC ACIDS • Organic compounds that carry genetic information. They are the building blocks of DNA and RNA. • Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorous. • Monomers are nucleotides. Polymers are nucleic acids.

Macromolecules Monomers Functions Elements it Contains Examples Carbohydrates Monosaccharide Primary source of energy Polysaccharide C, H, O Pasta, cereal, fruits, vegetables Lipids Glycerol, Fatty Acids Long term energy storage, component of cell membranes C, H, O Fats, oils, waxes, steroids, hormones Proteins Amino Acids Polypeptide or Protein Provides cell structure, speed up chemical reactions (enzymes) C, H, O, N, Muscle, S enzymes Nucleic Acids Nucleotide Nucleic Acid Carry genetic information C, H, O, N, DNA, RNA P Structure

MACROMOLECULE ACTIVITIES • Choose one of the following activities to demonstrate your understanding of Macromolecules • Cartoon – Make a cartoon that tells either: a scary, funny or adventure story about macromolecules. • Concept Map – create a concept map using the information and vocabulary you know about macromolecules. All connectors must be labeled with why you made the connections you did. Make sure you are making connections between concepts, not just writing definitions. • Picture Analogies – think of a picture analogy for each of the four macromolecules. The picture should include the following parts: (draw ONE picture per macromolecule) • An analogy for each macromolecule’s structure (elements and subunits) (its structure reminds me of…) • An analogy for each macromolecule’s function (main functions) (It works like…) • You must create your analogies TOGETHER in one picture. NO SENTENCES. You can use words to label parts of your drawing, but you cannot have written explanation/dialogue/etc.