Unit 2 Basics of Human Anatomy and Physiology

Unit 2: Basics of Human Anatomy and Physiology Skin, Bones and Joints Sports Medicine 1 Mr. Smith

Lesson Objectives o Describe the functions of skin, bone, muscle, ligament, tendon, and cartilage o Describe the types of bones and identify examples o Describe the classification of joints and explain the types of motion produced o Label general muscular and bony anatomy

Body Tissues o Skin: n Most superficial layer n First line defense against external forces n Keeps bodily fluids in n Picks up sensations n Secrets an oily substance

Body Tissues cont… o Skin n Has ability to expand o Accommodate increases in muscle girth or fatty tissue n Stretch marks are where the dermis was stretched excessively until elastic fibers ruptured

Body Tissues cont… o Skin n Made up of several layers o Superficial – epidermis o Middle- dermis o Deep- hypodermis or subcutaneous layer n Stores about 50% of body’s fat

Skin Anatomy

Bones o Bones n Protect vital organs and structures from trauma n Are stiff structures that are acted on by muscles to create movement n Are metabolically active; that is, produced blood cells and store minerals such as calcium and phosphorus

Bones n Approximately 206 bones in body o Axial Skeleton n Spine, thorax, skull o Appendicular Skeleton n Extremities

Anatomy of a Long Bone Epiphysis (Ends) Spongy during adolescence and can be problematic because of vulnerability to injury Diaphysis Shaft of the bone

Articular Cartilage n. Cushions bone ends, provides stability with movement

Periosteum n. Supportive sheath that provides nutrient blood for the bones

Spongy Bone n. Filled with either red or yellow bone marrow, capable of making changes according to weight, postural change and muscle tension

Compact Bone Dense bone

Medullary Cavity of diaphysis, contains marrow

Red Marrow Composed of red and white blood cells. In adults it is limited to the sternum, vertebrae, ribs, hips, clavicles, and cranial bones

Yellow Marrow Fatty connective tissue, replaces red marrow in the epiphysis, medullary cavity of long bone, and cancellous bone of other bones

Body Tissues cont… o Bones n Long Bones n Short n Flat n Irregular n Sesamoid

Body Tissues cont. o Long Bones n Having a body which is longer than it is wide

Body Tissues cont… o Bones n Long Bones o Femur o Tibia o Fibula o Humerus o Radius o Ulna

LONG BONES FEMUR TIBIA AND FIBULA

LONG BONES HUMERUS RADIUS AND ULNA

Body Tissues cont. o Mini Long Bones n Metacarpals n Metatarsals n Phalanges

MINI LONG BONES METATARSALS METACARPALS/ PHALANGES

Body Tissues cont. o Short Bones A bone that is as wide as they are long n Carpals o Wrist Bones n Tarsals o Foot Bones

SHORT BONES CARPALS TARSALS

Body Tissues cont. o Flat Bones n They are as they sound, flat plates of bone o o o Scapula (Shoulder Blade) Sternum (Breast Bone) Cranium (Skull) Pelvis Ribs

FLAT BONES SCAPULA STERNUM

FLAT BONES PELVIS RIBS

Body Tissues cont. o Irregular Bones n Bones that do not fall into any other category, due to their non-uniform shape o Vertebrae (Bones of the Spine) o Sacrum (Tail Bone) o Mandible (Lower Jaw)

IRREGULAR BONES VERTEBRAE/SACRUM MANDIBLE/MAXILLA

Sesamoid n Often called a “Floating Bone” o Patella (Knee Cap) Most Known o 2 Small Bones at base of 1 st Metatarsal o Sometimes 1 at base of Thumb

Cartilage Absorb shock Allow smooth movement

Body Tissues cont… o. Muscle n Allows the body to accelerate, decelerate, stop movement, and help to maintain normal postural alignment

Body Tissues cont… o. Tendon n Attach muscle to bone and transmit the force that a muscle exerts

Body Tissues cont… o. Ligament n Connect bone to bone and helps to form joints

Joints of the Body

Classification of Joints o Hinge Joint o Ball and Socket Joint § Most mobility of all joints

Classification of Joints o Pivot o Saddle/Gliding