Unit 2 Basics of Human Anatomy and Physiology

Unit 2: Basics of Human Anatomy and Physiology Introduction to Anatomy Sports Medicine 1 Mr. Smith

Today’s Objective To be able to demonstrate comprehension of directional terms and the planes of movement by exhibiting the correct movements when asked to model.

Anatomical Terminology ¡ ¡ Facilitates a better understanding of human movement and locations of body structures Allows for clear communication between health care professionals

Anatomical position ¡ Refers to a positioning of: erect standing, feet slightly separated, arms hanging relaxed at the sides, and palms of hands facing forward ¡ Reference point for body movement and body part location

Directional Terms

Directional Terms…cont

Directional Terms→ Anterior ¡ Front l Example: The patella is located on the anterior surface of the body

Directional Terms→ Posterior ¡ Back l Example: The scapula is located on the posterior surface of the body

Directional Terms→ Superior ¡ Upper or above another l l Example: The head is superior to the feet Example: The elbow is superior to the hand

Directional Terms→ Inferior ¡ Lower or below another l l Example: The feet are inferior to the head Example: The hand is inferior to the elbow

Directional Terms→ Medial & Lateral ¡ Medial: Towards the midline or midplane of the body l ¡ Example: Your nose is medial to your eye Lateral: Away from the midline of the body l Example: Your ear is lateral to your eye

Directional Terms→ Proximal and Distal ¡ Proximal: Closest to the trunk or point of reference l ¡ Example: The shoulder is proximal to the elbow Distal: Farthest from the trunk l Example: The knee is distal to the hip

Directional Terms→ Palmar & Plantar ¡ Palmar: Palm side of the hand ¡ Plantar: Bottom of the foot

Directional Terms→ Superficial and Deep ¡ Superficial: Close to the body’s surface l ¡ Example: Your skin is the most superficial organ in your body Deep: Away from the body’s surface l Example: Your muscles are deep in comparison to your skin

Flexion and Extension ¡ ¡ Flexion- decreasing the angle of a joint Extension- increasing the angle of a joint

Abduction and Adduction Abduction- moving away from the midline Adduction- moving towards the midline

Internal and External Rotation ¡ ¡ IR- Opening of a joint posteriorly ER- Opening of a joint anteriorly

Pronation and Supination ¡ ¡ Pronation- Palms down Supination- Palms up

Plantar Flexion and Dorsiflexion ¡ ¡ Plantar Flexion- Pointing the toes Dorsiflexion- Bringing the toes towards the shin

Acute and Chronic ¡ Acute- Fresh or new injury ¡ Chronic- A long standing injury or illness

Ligament and Tendon ¡ ¡ Ligament- Tissue that connects bone to bone Tendon- Tissue that connects muscle to bone

Sprain and Strain ¡ Sprain- An injury to a ligament ¡ Strain- An injury to a tendon or muscle

Subluxation and Dislocation ¡ ¡ Subluxation- a partial disruption of a joint Dislocation- a complete disruption of a joint

Quiz The front of the body is also known as the ______ side of the body? The bottom of the foot is also known as the ______ side of the foot? Farthest from the trunk is known as_______? What is the anatomical position? A: Erect standing, feet slightly separated, arms hanging relaxed at the sides, and palms of hands facing forward Closest to the trunk is known as_______

Three planes of movement ¡ 1: Frontal or Coronal plane l ¡ 2: Sagittial plane l ¡ Divides the body into front and back halves Divides the body into left and right halves 3: Transverse or Axial plane l Divides the body into top and bottom halves

Frontal plane ¡ Divides the body into anterior and posterior portions

Movements of the Frontal Plane l l Abduction/ Adduction: moves away from/closer to body midline Lateral flexion: trunk and neck Radial/ Ulnar deviation: wrist Inversion/ Eversion: inward (medially)/outward (laterally) rotation of the sole of the foot

Sagittial plane ¡ Lengthwise cut that divides the body into right and left halves

Movements of the Sagittial Plane l l Flexion/Extension: reduce or increase joint angle back to anatomical position Hyperextension: extension beyond anatomical position Dorsiflexion: bringing toes toward tibia Plantar flexion: point/plant toes or ball of the foot

Transverse Plane ¡ Horizontal cut that divides the body into upper and lower parts

Movements of the Transverse Plane l l l Internal/external rotation: rotation toward/away from midline on the body Left/Right rotation: head, neck & trunk Pronation/ Supination: forearm Horizontal Adduction/Abduction: arm or leg flexed at 90 degrees Protraction/ Retraction: Shoulder girdle forward and backward to anatomical position

The Planes of Movement Quiz Abduction is described as moving ______ from the midline? A: Away What is the definition of extension? A: To straighten a joint The front of the body is also known as_____? A: Anterior The frontal plane divides the body into ______ & _______? A: Anterior, posterior

The Planes of Movement Quiz cont… The Sagittial plane divides the body into ______ & _______? A: Right and Left Flexion is in what plane? A: Sagittial Adduction is in what plane? A: Frontal Rotation is in what plane? A: Transverse

Why does medical terminology of location matter?

Questions? If not… lets play Simon Says!