UNIT 2 ADVANCE OF CIVILIZATION 500 BCAD 500

UNIT 2 ADVANCE OF CIVILIZATION 500 BC–AD 500

232 BC 700 BC Kush conquers Egypt Asoka’s death 480 BC Battle of Salamis Bay 460– 429 BC 221– 206 BC Periclean Age 750– 500 BC Development of Greek city-states Qin Dynasty 431– 404 BC Peloponnesian War 264– 146 BC Punic Wars 700 BC 600 BC 500 BC 400 BC 300 BC 200 BC 753 BC Rome founded 509– 31 BC Roman Republic 336 BC Alexander the Great becomes king of Macedonia 202 BC–AD 220 Han Dynasty

44 BC Julius Caesar assassinated Edict of Milan AD 70 31 BC–AD 476 Constantine becomes a co-emperor AD 313 31 BC–AD 180 Pax Romana AD 306 Romans destroy Jerusalem AD 325 Council of Nicaea Roman Empire 100 BC AD 100 AD 200 AD 300 AD 400 AD 500 0 AD 54 Nero becomes emperor AD 30 Crucifixion of Jesus Christ ca. 6– 4 BC Birth of Jesus Christ 31 BC Battle of Actium AD 476 Fall of Rome

CHAPTER THE GREEK 3 CIVILIZATION

THE GREEK CIVILIZATION § § § The Early Greek World Greek City-States The Fateful Century Alexander’s Empire Greek Culture

Big Ideas 1. How did early cultures influence the development of Greek civilization? 2. What forms of government developed in the Greek city-states? 3. What were the main events of the Greek civilization in the 5 th century BC? 4. What was the impact of Greek culture on other civilizations?

INTRODUCTION § Geography influenced Greek history from its very beginning. § Mountains made farming difficult, but abundant natural harbors encouraged the Greeks to become seafarers. § The rugged terrain hindered communication among the Greek cities, causing them to remain isolated.

THE EARLY GREEK WORLD

THE EARLY GREEK WORLD § Aegean Civilizations § Crete § Mycenae § The Greek Dark ages § Greek Mythology

Guiding Questions 1. What were the notable features of the Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations? 2. What was the influence of Homer’s writings? 3. How did Greek mythology affect Greek culture?

Map Resources Early Greece

CRETE § The earliest center of civilization in the Aegean region was located on the island of Crete. § By 2000 BC the Minoan civilization (named after the legendary King Minos) flourished on the island. § The grand palace of Knossos, the capital city, gives us an indication of the wealth and achievement of the Minoans.

MYCENAE § At Mycenae on the mainland of Greece, another center of Aegean culture emerged. § The Mycenaean civilization was established by invaders from the north. § When Knossos was destroyed around 1400 BC (possibly by the Mycenaeans), Mycenae became the leading commercial center of the Aegean region. § According to Greek legend, the Mycenaeans went to war against the city of Troy; they gained entrance to the city by use of the fabled Trojan horse.

§ Around 1200 BC, invaders called the Dorians came down from the north and conquered the main Mycenaean fortresses.

THE GREEK DARK AGES § The period from 1150 to 750 BC is known as the Greek Dark Ages. § Our knowledge of the Greek Dark Ages rests largely on the Iliad and the Odyssey, epic poems attributed to the blind Greek poet Homer. § Because Homer’s poems provide nearly the only glimpse of the early Greek way of life, historians have also called this period the Homeric Age.

GREEK MYTHOLOGY § Greek mythology played a dominant role in shaping Greek culture during the Homeric Age. § Zeus, the “king of gods and man, ” was the ruler of Mount Olympus. § Athena, patron of the city of Athens, was the goddess of wisdom. § The Greeks believed in many gods, all of whom were endowed with certain human characteristics (anthropomorphic, “having human form or attributes”); yet these gods also possessed extraordinary powers and immortality. § In honor of Zeus, the Greeks held national religious festivals every four years at Olympia, the site of a temple of Zeus.

§ The Olympic Games, as they became known, attracted competitors from all over the Aegean world.

SECTION REVIEW 1. Where was the earliest center of civilization in the Aegean region located? Crete 2. Which Aegean culture displayed a love for military pursuits? Mycenaean 3– 5. From which two epic poems do we get a glimpse of Greek life during the period from 1150 to 750 BC? To whom are these poems attributed? the Iliad and the Odyssey; Homer

SECTION REVIEW 6. What athletic contests began as an attempt to please the Greek gods through physical prowess? the Olympic games v Why did the isolation of the Greek city-states result in a spirit of independence and a love of individualism? The Greek states were forced to defend themselves and ensure their own success. As they learned to survive and thrive, they developed a spirit of independence. Their success was based on the contributions of individuals, and this may have resulted in a love of individualism.

SECTION REVIEW v Contrast the Greek view of work with Genesis 2: 15, 3: 17– 19, and 1 Thessalonians 4: 10– 12. Greeks viewed work as a necessary evil forced on them by the gods, but Genesis 2 reveals that the first man was given work as a responsibility and not as a punishment. The Fall made work more difficult (Gen. 3: 17– 19), but it is still profitable and necessary.

GREEK CITY-STATES

GREEK CITY-STATES § Role § Government § Development § Sparta § Athens

Guiding Questions 1. How did city-states differ from nation-states? 2. How did the government and culture of Sparta and Athens differ? 3. What were the four basic Greek types of government?

ROLE § Though they shared the same language, customs, and religious beliefs, the Greeks lacked political unity. § The Greeks usually built their cities at the foot of a hill. § They called their city a “polis, ” and the fortified hill, an “acropolis” (from acro, meaning “high”). § The polis, or “city-state, ” was the basic political unit of Greece.

GOVERNMENT § The Greek city-states experienced four basic forms of government. § The earliest form was a monarchy, “rule (archy) by one (mono), ” which was prominent during the Homeric Age. § Gradually the council of nobles assumed the king’s powers and ruled as the privileged class. § This “rule of a few, ” called an oligarchy, produced great tension between the wealthy noble class and the lower classes. § The dissatisfaction and unrest of the lower classes often led to tyranny.

§ A unique political contribution of the Greeks was the development of democracy, rule by the people. § Under a democratic government, qualified adult male citizens could share in the responsibility of ruling the city.

SPARTA § Sparta was located in the southern part of Greece on the peninsula called the Peloponnesus. § Conquered by the Dorians, Sparta’s inhabitants were made slaves, or Helots. § The way of life at Sparta centered on the training of warriors. § To ensure the continuing success of the military state, the Spartans often used force or intimidation to help establish oligarchies in neighboring city-states. § These city-states organized the Peloponnesian League, with Sparta at its head.

ATHENS § Athens nurtured creativity, commercial endeavors, democracy, and individualism. § Like other Greek city-states, Athens was ruled by a king during the Homeric Age. § Power was vested in a council of nobles, with the chief magistrate, or archon, being elected from the nobility. § Under the leadership of the statesman Solon, Athens took a step toward democracy. § Although Solon was of the noble class, he instituted reforms that helped the common man.

§ It was not until the fifth century BC under the leadership of Pericles that Athens established a “rule of the people. ” § From about 750 to 550 BC, the Greeks established colonies throughout the Mediterranean world. § The most important Greek colony in the western Mediterranean was the city of Syracuse on the island of Sicily.

Map Resources Greek Colonies and Trade Routes (ca. 600 BC)

SECTION REVIEW 1. What was the basic political unit of Greece? polis, or city‑state 2– 5. List and define the four basic forms of government found in the Greek city-states. monarchy—“rule by one, ” for example, a king; oligarchy—“rule by a few, ” for example, a council of nobles; tyranny—rule by an individual who gained control of government, usually by force; democracy—“rule by the people”

SECTION REVIEW 6– 7. What two Greek city-states represented two opposing ways of life within Greek society? Sparta and Athens 8. Which Greek city-state was characterized by creativity, commercial endeavors, democracy, and individualism? Athens

SECTION REVIEW v How did the Spartan system affect family life? The Spartan system had a devastating impact on family life by removing the boys from the home at the age of seven. These boys were denied a normal family life. Even as men they lived in military barracks rather than with their families. God designed the family unit as foundational for society. Violating God’s design would have had tragic consequences for the family.

SECTION REVIEW v Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the four basic Greek types of government. Monarchy’s strength was its effectiveness in concentrating power in one person who could make decisions, but it was also weak in that the monarch was fallen and subject to sinful desires. Oligarchy’s strengths were the effectiveness of having a small group of men making decisions and the ability to prevent an individual from gaining too much power, but its weakness was the fallen nature of those leaders. Tyranny appeared to have strength in that a tyrant’s power would theoretically allow him to make decisions that benefit the group, but tyrants have the same sin nature as other rulers.

SECTION REVIEW Democracy’s strength was the spreading of power over a larger group in the hopes that decisions would benefit most citizens, but all leaders have a sinful nature and might be tempted to give the majority what they want even if that is not good or just.

THE FATEFUL CENTURY

THE FATEFUL CENTURY § The Persian Wars § Battle of Thermopylae § Battle of Salamis Bay § The Periclean Age § The Peloponnesian War

Guiding Questions 1. What was the significance of the battles of Thermopylae and Salamis Bay? 2. What role did Pericles play in the development of democracy in Athens? 3. How did the Peloponnesian War affect the course of Greek civilization?

THE PERSIAN WARS § The Persians, expanding into Asia Minor, conquered the Lydians as well as the Greek colonies located along the coast bordering the Aegean Sea. § Under King Darius I the Persians not only crushed the Greek revolt but also sought to punish Athens for its part in the rebellion. § In 490 BC a Persian force landed at the Bay of Marathon, about twenty-five miles north of Athens. § The Greeks won a decisive victory.

BATTLE OF THERMOPYLAE § After Darius died, his son Xerxes amassed a great invasion force of men, ships, and supplies. § Crossing the Hellespont on a bridge made of boats, the Persian army marched toward Greece. § At Thermopylae a force of about seven thousand Greeks confronted the advancing Persian army. § A Greek traitor showed the Persians another way through the mountains.

§ When the Greeks realized that they were almost surrounded, they retreated, but three hundred Spartans along with several hundred Greeks from Thespiae and Thebes remained to hold the pass.

Modern view of the pass at Thermopylae. The road on the right was built where the beach would have been at the time of the battle.

Map Resources Persian Wars (499– 478 BC)

BATTLE OF SALAMIS BAY § The Persians burned Athens to the ground, but the Athenians had already retreated to an island called Salamis. § Hoping to exploit Xerxes’ desire for a quick victory, Themistocles, the leader of Athens, devised a trap. § The small, easily maneuvered Greek crafts created great confusion as they rammed and sank many Persian vessels. § The following year the Greeks, led by Sparta, defeated a sizable Persian army that had remained in northern Greece. § The way was prepared for the “Golden Age” of Greece—a period of great cultural achievement.

THE PERICLEAN AGE § The Athenians encouraged the formation of a defensive alliance among the Greek city-states to protect themselves against any further Persian attacks. § This alliance became known as the Delian League, and Athens became its leader. § The period of Greek history from 460 to 429 BC is often called “The Age of Pericles. ” § For over thirty years Pericles was the influential leader of Athens. § During his lifetime Athens attained cultural heights unparalleled in the ancient world.

§ Under Pericles’s leadership every adult male citizen of Athens gained the privilege and responsibility of sharing in the Athenian government by being able to vote and hold office.

THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR § Following the Golden Age came the Peloponnesian War (431– 404 BC), a devastating war pitting one alliance of Greek city-states against another. The tension between Athens and Sparta and their allies finally flamed into war. § Early in the war, a devastating plague wiped out a large portion of the population of Athens, including its leading citizen, Pericles. § Sparta eventually gained the upper hand by forming an alliance with the Persians and was finally able to bring Athens to its knees by destroying the Athenian fleet. § Constant uprisings reduced Sparta’s control over the Greek citystates, leaving them disunited once again.

SECTION REVIEW 1. Which eastern civilization threatened the Greeks at the outset of the fifth century? the Persian Empire 2. At which battle did an unorthodox charge by the Greeks help them to win a decisive victory? Battle of Marathon 3. Where did Xerxes make a bridge of boats to move his army? the Hellespont

SECTION REVIEW 4. Who was the influential leader of Athens during its Golden Age? Pericles 5. Which group of city-states emerged as victors in the Peloponnesian War? Sparta

SECTION REVIEW v Why did the end of the Peloponnesian War not lead to peace? The city-states who sought freedom from Athenian domination found themselves dominated by Sparta. They then fought to resist Spartan control. v Analyze Pericles’s statement on Athenian democracy. Pericles’s leadership in Athens was a defining moment for the development of democracy in Athens. Under his leadership all adult males could participate in government.

ALEXANDER’S EMPIRE

ALEXANDER’S EMPIRE § Rise of Macedonia § Alexander’s Conquests § Empire Divisions

Guiding Questions 1. What areas did Alexander conquer, and what was his legacy? 2. What do you find in Daniel 8 that anticipates the conquests of Alexander and the division of his empire?

RISE OF MACEDONIA § King Philip II united Macedonia under his rule and extended his kingdom into Greece. § Philip’s appreciation for Greek culture led him to treat his many subjects with great tolerance. § His son Alexander assumed the throne at the age of twenty. § As a boy, Alexander had been taught by one of the greatest Greek philosophers, Aristotle, who had instilled in him a love for Greek culture. § With his conquering armies he carried this culture to the far reaches of the Near Eastern world.

ALEXANDER’S CONQUESTS § With amazing speed Alexander led his army across Asia Minor and confronted the Persian army, led by King Darius III. § Alexander took Syria, destroyed the city of Tyre, and marched unopposed into Egypt. § Alexander had accomplished what he had set out to do—avenge the Persian invasion of Greece and become the king of Asia. § He marched all the way to India and would have gone beyond, but his weary army refused to go farther.

Map Resources Empire of Alexander the Great (323 BC)

EMPIRE DIVISIONS § In 323 BC, at the height of his power, Alexander died of a fever; he had not yet reached his thirty-third birthday. § Because Alexander left no plans for a successor to his empire, four generals declared themselves kings over portions of the empire. § From the families of three of Alexander’s generals came dynasties that ruled portions of the former empire until the time of the Roman conquests: the Ptolemies in Egypt, the Seleucids in Syria and Persia, and the Antigonids in Macedonia and Greece. § Although Alexander’s empire disintegrated soon after his death, the Greek culture remained a vital part of the ancient world.

SECTION REVIEW 1. Over what area did Philip II originally rule? Macedonia 2. Who was Alexander the Great’s teacher who instilled in his young pupil a love for Greek culture? Aristotle 3– 5. List three kingdoms that Alexander conquered. Persia, Syria, and Egypt

SECTION REVIEW v Why did Greek culture spread throughout the Middle East, North Africa, and Asia Minor? Alexander the Great spread Greek culture as he conquered these regions.

GREEK CULTURE

GREEK CULTURE § The Essence § The Expression § Focus on Man § Interest in Philosophy § Contributions to Science, Medicine, and Mathematics § Achievement in Literature § Excellence in Art

Guiding Questions 1. Who were the major Greek philosophers, and what were their key ideas? 2. How did the Greek civilization influence science, math, art, literature, and architecture for later civilizations?

THE ESSENCE § The Greeks appreciated beauty, freedom, justice, truth, and knowledge. § The term Hellenic is used to describe Greek culture. § The height of Hellenic culture occurred during the Golden Age of Athens. § Alexander’s conquests spread the Greek language and way of life throughout much of the ancient world. A new culture emerged; it was no longer just Hellenic, meaning “Greek, ” but Hellenistic, “like the Greek. ” § This culture united the peoples of the Near East by blending their arts, religions, philosophies, and customs.

FOCUS ON MAN § The Greeks were among the first to begin the formal study of human thought and culture, called the humanities. § Philosophers and scientists praised the human mind and its reasoning powers.

INTEREST IN PHILOSOPHY § Throughout history men have sought answers to the basic questions of life. § Men called philosophers, “lovers of wisdom, ” tried to find the answers to these questions through man’s reasoning ability. § Thales of Miletus (ca. 640– 546 BC) is often called the Father of Philosophy. § Among the Greeks, Thales was one of the first who sought to explain the origin of the universe in natural terms. § He concluded that water was the original substance of all things.

§ Socrates (ca. 470– 399 BC), a contemporary of Pericles, lived in Athens during its Golden Age. § Socrates believed that truth (absolutes) could be attained through human reason. § Reason was the best guide to good behavior. § Athenians condemned Socrates to death. § The most famous pupil of Socrates was Plato (ca. 427– 347 BC). § He established a school of philosophy and science called the Academy, located in Athens. § In the Republic, he devised one of the first plans for an ideal society and government.

§ Although Plato lived in democratic Athens, he realized that too much liberty and freedom without restraint often leads to anarchy (the breakdown of government and order). § Plato concluded that true reality lies outside the physical world. § The last of the three famous Greek philosophers was Aristotle (384– 322 BC). § Aristotle was not an Athenian like the other two but came to Athens from northern Greece. § Unlike Plato, Aristotle believed that reality was in the physical world. § To aid man’s reasoning ability, Aristotle developed the syllogism, a three-step logical process of thinking.

§ The Epicurean and Stoic philosophers emerged shortly after the death of Alexander the Great. § Epicurus believed that great happiness and pleasure could be achieved through the avoidance of pain and fear. § Zeno, the founder of Stoicism, taught that the affairs of men and the universe were ordered by fixed laws.

Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle

CONTRIBUTIONS TO SCIENCE, MEDICINE, AND MATHEMATICS § Even before the Golden Age, Pythagoras, a philosopher and mathematician of the sixth century BC, had concluded that the universe could be explained in mathematical terms. § His geometric theorem, the Pythagorean Theorem, is still studied by students taking geometry. § Hippocrates, the famed physician of the Golden Age, is known as the Father of Medicine. § Hippocrates taught that every illness has a natural cause. § Euclid has often been called the Father of Geometry. § He founded a school of mathematics in Alexandria, Egypt.

§ His textbook, Elements, continues to be the basis for geometry textbooks today. § The Greek inventor and mathematician Archimedes was known throughout the Hellenistic world for his many discoveries. § One of his discoveries was the principle of the lever. § The Greek astronomer and geographer Eratosthenes determined the circumference of the globe with amazing accuracy by using the geometry that Euclid popularized. § He also formulated the lines of longitude and latitude that are still used today on maps.

ACHIEVEMENT IN LITERATURE § We get our word history from the Greek word meaning “inquiry. ” § Herodotus, the Father of History, wrote a history of the Persian Wars. § Thucydides, a contemporary of Herodotus, wrote the History of the Peloponnesian War, a more accurate and objective record than Herodotus’s work. § An outgrowth of religious festivals, drama became an important part of Greek life. § Sophocles, a writer of tragedy, and Aristophanes, a writer of comedy, were among the most famous of the Greek dramatists.

EXCELLENCE IN ART § The Greeks excelled in many forms of art; the most highly prized are their urns, sculptures, and temples. § Greek sculpture falls into three main periods: archaic, classical, and Hellenistic. § The Parthenon symbolizes the cultural achievement of the Greeks. § From the columns and capitals (the head or top of a column) of Greek buildings, we can distinguish three styles or orders of architecture: the Doric, the Ionic, and the Corinthian.

The Porch of Maidens on the Acropolis of Athens

The Parthenon in Athens

SECTION REVIEW 1. What was the name given to the new culture that emerged in the Near East that mixed Greek culture with the cultures of the East? Hellenistic, “like the Greek” 2. What philosopher developed the three-step logical process of thinking called a syllogism? Aristotle 3. Who is known as the Father of Medicine? Hippocrates

SECTION REVIEW 4. Who was the more objective historian: Herodotus or Thucydides? Thucydides 5– 7. Identify the three styles of Greek architecture. Doric style, Ionic style, Corinthian style v Why would some modern physicians be opposed to following the principles found in the Hippocratic Oath? Hippocrates opposed physician-assisted suicide and abortion.

SECTION REVIEW v How did the Greek advances in science, math, art, literature and architecture influence Western civilization? The Greeks set out many fundamental concepts in science, math, and philosophy. Future generations imitated and built on these foundations. For example, Hippocrates taught physicians to look for natural causes for diseases, Euclid’s work was groundbreaking in the realm of geometry, and Greek drama included a deep perception of human behavior. Art, especially sculpture, became both more expressive and more realistic. Greek ruins are still beautiful and powerful and have been the inspiration for buildings around the world, including many U. S. government buildings.

PEOPLE, PLACES, AND THINGS TO KNOW

PEOPLE § § § § § Homer Solon Darius I Xerxes Pericles Philip II Alexander Darius III Thales § § § § § Socrates Plato Aristotle Epicurus Zeno Pythagoras Hippocrates Euclid Eratosthenes

PEOPLE § § Herodotus Thucydides Sophocles Aristophanes

Minoan civilization an early civilization in the Aegean region based on the island of Crete; established trade with the Fertile Crescent and Egypt

Mycenaean civilization early Greek civilization on the mainland of Greece; borrowed heavily from the Minoan civilization

Dorians invaders that conquered the Mycenaean civilization around 1200 BC

Zeus “king of gods and man” according to Greek mythology; ruler of Olympus

Athena according to Greek mythology, patron of the city of Athens; goddess of wisdom

anthropomorphic having human form or attributes

polis “city-state”; basic political unit of Greece

monarchy rule by one

oligarchy rule by a few

tyranny government headed by a tyrant who gained complete control of it, usually by force

democracy rule by the people

Helots original Spartans who were enslaved by the Dorians

Peloponnesian League a league of Greek city-states led by Sparta with the intention of protecting against foreign invasion and to prevent tyranny and democracy

archon chief magistrate of the Athenian council of nobles

Delian League defensive alliance of Greek city-states led by Athens against the Persians

Peloponnesian War Greek civil war between Athens and her allies and Sparta and her allies

Hellenic Greek culture

Hellenistic similar to Greek culture

humanities formal study of human thought and culture

philosophers men who sought the answers to the basic questions of life through human reasoning

anarchy the breakdown of government and order

syllogism a three-step logical process of thinking

Parthenon most spectacular temple in ancient Athens; dedicated to the city’s patron goddess Athena