UNIT 14 SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY WHAT IS SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY

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UNIT 14 SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY

UNIT 14 SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY

WHAT IS SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY? #1 Social psychologists � Study social forces that explain why

WHAT IS SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY? #1 Social psychologists � Study social forces that explain why the same person acts differently in different situations Personality psychologists � Study personal traits and processes that explain why people may act differently in the same situation

#2 Fundamental Attribution Error tendency for observers, when analyzing another’s behavior, to underestimate the

#2 Fundamental Attribution Error tendency for observers, when analyzing another’s behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personality traits How do we become more aware of our own personal style? What are the real world implications of the f. a. e?

ATTITUDES &ACTIONS attitudes: #3 Attitudes Behavior feelings, based on our beliefs that influence our

ATTITUDES &ACTIONS attitudes: #3 Attitudes Behavior feelings, based on our beliefs that influence our behavior If we believe someone is mean we may feel dislike and then act unfriendly toward them Behavior …but, there is evidence that attitudes Attitudes FOLLOW behavior

Attitudes follow behavior… If someone convinced you to act against your beliefs, you’d change

Attitudes follow behavior… If someone convinced you to act against your beliefs, you’d change your belief (attitude) to match your action. Foot-in-the-door phenomenon � REUTERS/ Vasily Fedosenko #4 People agreeing to#5 a small request will find it easier to later agree to a larger one Principle works for negative and positive behavior #6 After US schools desegregated in ‘ 54, Americans expressed lower levels of racial prejudice. ATTITUDES FOLLOW BEHAVIOR Cooperative actions, such as those performed by people on sports teams feed mutual liking.

#7 Role: #8 a set of expectations about a social position, defining how those

#7 Role: #8 a set of expectations about a social position, defining how those in the position should act. Zimbardo Prison Experiment

ACTIONS AFFECT ATTITUDES #9 �Cognitive dissonance theory “the theory that we act to reduce

ACTIONS AFFECT ATTITUDES #9 �Cognitive dissonance theory “the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. If you do a behavior that is “bad” you change your attitude about the behavior.

PRACTICE QUESTION (…ON THE TEST…) Cognitive dissonance theory attempts to explain why a) people

PRACTICE QUESTION (…ON THE TEST…) Cognitive dissonance theory attempts to explain why a) people who act differently than their attitudes tend to change their attitudes. b) people who act against their attitudes tend to change their behavior c) agreeing to a small request increases the likelihood that we will agree to a larger request d) people talk one way and act another

#10 SOCIAL INFLUENCE (PG. 382) chameleon effect: #11 Asch’s Conformity Study: Ø define: Ø

#10 SOCIAL INFLUENCE (PG. 382) chameleon effect: #11 Asch’s Conformity Study: Ø define: Ø method: deceived: Ø # of participants: Ø task: Ø What is the decision you have to make during the 3 rd trial? Ø Ø results: when answering alone… Ø when in the room with confederates who answered incorrectly… Ø Ø more likely to conform when…

confederate participant confederate

confederate participant confederate

#11 Asch’s Conformity Study: Ø define: adjusting our thinking or behavior to go along

#11 Asch’s Conformity Study: Ø define: adjusting our thinking or behavior to go along with a group standard Ø method: deceived: a study on visual perception Ø # of participants: you & 5 others Ø task: state, 1 by 1, which of 3 lines is the same as a standard 1. Easy. Ø What is the decision you have to make during the 3 rd trial? Ø Ø results: the 5 people before you all give a wrong answer to the same easy question…do you go along or be the oddball and answer differently? when answering alone… wrong lesswho thananswered 1% of the time Ø when in the room with confederates incorrectly… Ø Ø wrong 33% of the time more likely to conform when… feel insecure admire the groups’ status everyone else agrees group has at have not already know others least THREE committed to an will observe our answer behavior culture

#12 MILGRAM’S OBEDIENCE define: Method: STUDY https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=16 QMQXIj. YVU Intro

#12 MILGRAM’S OBEDIENCE define: Method: STUDY https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=16 QMQXIj. YVU Intro to Obedience (5 min) https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=d. No-2 AXz. HAs Milgram Replication (14 min) “fake” study – Ø draw randomly to determine – Ø Ø Ø teacher task – learner task- teacher after 1 st wrong answer: teacher after 8 th wrong answer: learner after 10 th wrong answer: You want to stop hurting this person but the experimenter says: “…” Final shock v: At what level would you stop? At what level would most people (say) stop? RESULTS: Obedience is highest when… (4)

#12 MILGRAM’S OBEDIENCE STUDY define: changing a behavior to follow a command Method “fake”

#12 MILGRAM’S OBEDIENCE STUDY define: changing a behavior to follow a command Method “fake” study – effect of punishment on learning Ø draw randomly to determine – who will be “teacher” & “learner” Ø Ø Ø teacher task – test learner on word pairs; if wrong = shock them learner task- to learn the words…. actually an actor (confederate) teacher after 1 st wrong answer: 15 volts / slight shock teacher after 8 th wrong answer: 120 volts / moderate shock learner after 10 th wrong answer: 150 volts / strong shock You want to stop hurting this person but the experimenter says: “You have no choice. You must go on. ” Final shock v: 450 volt At what level would you stop? your opinion At what level would most people (say) stop? After 1 st hearing “learner” in pain RESULTS Obedience is highest when…

OBEDIENCE HIGHEST WHEN… Person giving order is close by & was an authority figure

OBEDIENCE HIGHEST WHEN… Person giving order is close by & was an authority figure The authority figure was associated with a respected institution The victim was depersonalized or far away There was no role model of defiance #13 minority influence: you can sway the majority if you hold firmly to your beliefs – power of committed individual is as strong as power of the group

#14 social facilitation: stronger responses on a well-learned task when other people are watching

#14 social facilitation: stronger responses on a well-learned task when other people are watching you. #15 social loafing: tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when working toward a common goal #16 deindividuation: The loss of self-awareness in a group #17 group polarization: When a belief you hold gets stronger after discussing it with a like-minded group

group polarization

group polarization

#17 group think: when no one in a group speaks up to voice a

#17 group think: when no one in a group speaks up to voice a different opinion b/c they want the group to get along

PREJUDICE HOW PREJUDICED ARE PEOPLE? Prejudice belief that includes negative stereotypes #20 Stereotype an

PREJUDICE HOW PREJUDICED ARE PEOPLE? Prejudice belief that includes negative stereotypes #20 Stereotype an overgeneralized belief about a group #21 Discrimination negative behavior toward a group #19

Prejudice How Prejudiced Are People?

Prejudice How Prejudiced Are People?

Prejudice How Prejudiced Are People?

Prejudice How Prejudiced Are People?

Prejudice How Prejudiced Are People?

Prejudice How Prejudiced Are People?

Prejudice How Prejudiced Are People?

Prejudice How Prejudiced Are People?

Prejudice How Prejudiced Are People?

Prejudice How Prejudiced Are People?

Prejudice How Prejudiced Are People?

Prejudice How Prejudiced Are People?

#22 implicit racial associations: unconscious / unaware #23 just-world phenomenon: believing that the world

#22 implicit racial associations: unconscious / unaware #23 just-world phenomenon: believing that the world is just & therefore people get what they deserve #24 in-group/out-group: “us” / “them” #25 in-group bias: tendency to favor our own group #26 scapegoat theory: theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame #27 other-race effect: the tendency to recall faces of one’s own race more accurately than faces of other races.

#28 Aggression any physical or verbal behavior INTENDED to hurt another BIOLOGY of AGGRESSION

#28 Aggression any physical or verbal behavior INTENDED to hurt another BIOLOGY of AGGRESSION Genetics: identical twins report bad temper more in common than fraternal twins

THE BIOLOGY OF AGGRESSION Neural Influences �frontal lobe damage or diminished activity �frontal lobe

THE BIOLOGY OF AGGRESSION Neural Influences �frontal lobe damage or diminished activity �frontal lobe not fully developed �amygdala stimulated Biochemical Influences �hormones alcohol, (testosterone),

#30. PSYCHOLOGICAL OF AGGRESSION Frustration-aggression principle If aggression is rewarded it continues Observing models

#30. PSYCHOLOGICAL OF AGGRESSION Frustration-aggression principle If aggression is rewarded it continues Observing models of aggression #31 Acquiring social scripts – culturally modeled guide for how to act in certain situations

PSYCH JOURNAL For Mon 10/19, answer the following questions in your journal: 1) What

PSYCH JOURNAL For Mon 10/19, answer the following questions in your journal: 1) What is the just-world theory? 2) How does the class data match mine? How were our #s the same/different? Husband 5. 4 Wife 1. 2 Lover 1 3. 5 Lover 2 Highway man 4. 8 2. 2 Ferryboat 4. 3 3)What was my score on the just world survey? What does a high vs low score on the just world survey mean? If someone had a high survey score (70+) who did they probably blame the most in the scenario? Why? Thurs 10/22: Love Attitude Scale : Take survey & score

THE PSYCHOLOGY OF ATTRACTION WHY DO WE FALL IN LOVE WITH SOME PEOPLE BUT

THE PSYCHOLOGY OF ATTRACTION WHY DO WE FALL IN LOVE WITH SOME PEOPLE BUT NOT OTHERS? 3 ingredients to liking someone: Proximity � Geographic nearness #32 � Mere exposure effect Just being around someone makes you like them Similarity � friends & couples are far more likely to share things in common attitudes, beliefs, interests, age, religion, race, education, intelligence, smoking behavior, economic status Physical attractiveness � its what initially draws us � symmetric / youthful / average

https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=sj. LDom. II 6 No Rules of Attraction ROMANTIC LOVE

https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=sj. LDom. II 6 No Rules of Attraction ROMANTIC LOVE HOW DOES LOVE CHANGE OVER TIME? passionate love �all-consuming companionate love �Deep affection �Equity Getting out of the relationship what you put in �self-disclosure Telling secrets about yourself to your loved one

#38 Bystander Effect �The tendency for people to not get help when more people

#38 Bystander Effect �The tendency for people to not get help when more people view an emergency.