Unit 13 Nutrition and Metabolism Section 18 4

Unit 13 Nutrition and Metabolism Section 18. 4 and 18. 8 in Hole’s Anatomy book

PROCESSING & STORAGE OF BIOMOLECULES

Processing Carbohydrates for energy n n Glycolysis: process of breaking down glucose into pyruvic acid and ATP Glycogenolysis: process of breaking down glycogen to form glucose Gluconeogenesis: process of forming glucose from molecules other than carbohydrates Glycogenesis: process of forming glycogen from glucose

Processing Lipids for energy n n Lipolysis: process of breaking down lipids into fatty acids Lipogenesis: process of converting carbohydrates into fatty acids

Processing Proteins for energy n Proteolysis: process of breaking down proteins into amino acids

Lipolysis Proteolysis Glycolysis

Monomers n Macromolecules must be broken down into their monomers in order to be absorbed and utilized by the body

ENERGY REQUIREMENTS

Energy Expenditures n n n Carbohydrates, proteins, & fats supply energy Energy is expressed in calories A calorie is the amount of potential energy contained in a food

Amount of calories released per gram of macromolecule during cellular oxidation

Body Mass Index Chart

Appetite control

These next few slides may help you with the textbook question. We will be discussing these in class as well. NUTRITION

Malnutrition vs. Malabsorption

Primary Malnutrition – due to diet alone n Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, &/or minerals n Energy/nutrient excess n n obesity Energy/nutrient deficit Starvation – not enough total calories n Marasmus – undernourishment with a lack of calories & protein n Kwashiorkor – protein starvation n

Anorexia & Bulemia n n Anorexia: process of overexercise & refusal to eat produces wasting away of body tissue – can lead to heart failure Bulemia: binge & purge cycle – person overeats then rids the GI tract of food by self induced vomiting and overuse of laxatives – can lead to ruptures of esophagus, loss of normal intestinal peristasis

Secondary Malnutrition (Malabsorption) n n n Conditions in which an individual’s characteristics make a normally adequate diet either insufficient or excessive. Some factors: disease, autoimmune disorder, endocrine disorder, infection, trauma, surgery, radiation therapy, certain drugs, etc. Symptoms depend on what factor is deficient or excessive