Unit 11 Surface Area and Volume This unit

Unit 11 Surface Area and Volume • This unit addresses three dimensional objects. • It includes surface area, lateral area, height, slant height, Euler’s Formula, Platonic Solids, volume of a cone, sphere, pyramid, 3 dimensional objects such as a cube, and a prism.

• • • • • • Standards SPI’s taught in Unit 11: SPI 3108. 1. 1 Give precise mathematical descriptions or definitions of geometric shapes in the plane and space. SPI 3108. 1. 3 Use geometric understanding and spatial visualization of geometric solids to solve problems and/or create drawings. SPI 3108. 4. 5 Describe solids and/or surfaces in three-dimensional space when given two-dimensional representations for the surfaces of threedimensional objects. SPI 3108. 4. 9 Use right triangle trigonometry and cross-sections to solve problems involving surface areas and/or volumes of solids. CLE (Course Level Expectations) found in Unit 11: CLE 3108. 1. 1 Use mathematical language, symbols, definitions, proofs and counterexamples correctly and precisely in mathematical reasoning. CLE 3108. 1. 7 Use technologies appropriately to develop understanding of abstract mathematical ideas, to facilitate problem solving, and to produce accurate and reliable models. CLE 3108. 4. 5 Extend the study of planar figures to three-dimensions, including the classical solid figures, and develop analysis through cross-sections. CLE 3108. 4. 6 Generate formulas for perimeter, area, and volume, including their use, dimensional analysis, and applications. CFU (Checks for Understanding) applied to Unit 11: 3108. 1. 1 Check solutions after making reasonable estimates in appropriate units of quantities encountered in contextual situations. 3108. 1. 5 Use technology, hands-on activities, and manipulatives to develop the language and the concepts of geometry, including specialized vocabulary (e. g. graphing calculators, interactive geometry software such as Geometer’s Sketchpad and Cabri, algebra tiles, pattern blocks, tessellation tiles, MIRAs, mirrors, spinners, geoboards, conic section models, volume demonstration kits, Polyhedrons, measurement tools, compasses, Penta. Blocks, pentominoes, cubes, tangrams). 3108. 1. 7 Recognize the capabilities and the limitations of calculators and computers in solving problems. 3108. 1. 10 Use visualization, spatial reasoning, and geometric modeling to solve problems. 3108. 1. 11 Identify and sketch solids formed by revolving two-dimensional figures around lines. 3108. 4. 1 Recognize that there are geometries, other than Euclidean geometry, in which the parallel postulate is not true and discuss unique properties of each. 3108. 4. 10 Identify and apply properties and relationships of special figures (e. g. , isosceles and equilateral triangles, family of quadrilaterals, polygons, and solids). 3108. 4. 23 Describe the polyhedron or solid that can be made from a given net including the Platonic Solids. 3108. 4. 24 Develop and use special formulas relating to polyhedra (e. g. , Euler’s Formula). 3108. 4. 25 Use properties of prisms, pyramids, cylinders, cones, spheres, and hemispheres to solve problems. 3108. 4. 26 Describe and draw cross-sections (including the conic sections) of prisms, cylinders, pyramids, spheres, and cones.

Terms • Polyhedron: a three dimensional figure whose surfaces are polygons • Face: one side, or surface of a polyhedron (each of these faces is a polygon) • Edge: a line segment formed by the intersection of two faces • Vertex: A point where three or more edges intersect • Net: A two-dimensional pattern that you can fold up to form a three dimensional figure. – One of the simplest nets is the one that forms a cube

Name the 3 dimensional object • Cube • Prism • Regular Pyramid • Long flat box

Example • Draw a net for this box Top 20 7 Back Side 10 10 20 Left Side Bottom 20 Front 20 Right Side 10 7 7 20

Euler • Leonhard Paul Euler (15 April 1707 – 18 September 1783) was a pioneering Swiss mathematician and physicist who spent most of his life in Russia and Germany. • His surname is pronounced OY-lər in English • Euler made important discoveries in fields as diverse as calculus and graph theory. He also introduced much of the modern mathematical terminology and notation, particularly for mathematical analysis, such as the notion of a mathematical function. • Euler is considered to be the preeminent mathematician of the 18 th century and one of the greatest of all time. A statement attributed to Pierre-Simon Laplace expresses Euler's influence on mathematics: "Read Euler, read Euler, he is the master [i. e. , teacher] of us all. "

Euler’s Formula • The number of faces (F), vertices (V) and edges (E) of a polyhedron are related by this formula: F+V = E + 2 • Looking at the box to the right calculate the number of edges • Faces = 6 • Vertices = 8 • F+V=E+2 • 6+8=E+2 • 14 = E + 2 • E = 12

Platonic Solids • A Platonic solid is a convex polyhedron that is regular, in the http: //upload. wikimedia. org/wikipedia/comm sense of a regular polygon. ons/7/70/Tetrahedron. gif • Specifically, the faces of a Platonic http: //upload. wikimedia. org/wikipedia/comm solid are congruent regular polygons, with the same number ons/4/48/Hexahedron. gif of faces meeting at each vertex. http: //upload. wikimedia. org/wikipedia/comm ons/1/14/Octahedron. gif • They have the unique property that the faces, edges and angles of http: //upload. wikimedia. org/wikipedia/comm each solid are all congruent ons/7/73/Dodecahedron. gif • There are only 5: – – – Tetrahedron (4 sides) Hexahedron (6 sides) Octahedron (8 sides) Dodecahedron (12 sides) Icosahedron (20 sides) http: //upload. wikimedia. org/wikipedia/comm ons/e/e 2/Icosahedron. gif

Surface Areas of Prisms and Cylinders • Prism: a polyhedron with exactly two congruent, parallel faces called bases • The other faces on a prism are called lateral faces • You name a prism by the shape of the bases • Altitude of a prism: the perpendicular segment that joins the planes of the bases • Height of a prism: The length of an altitude

Example • • • This is a pentagonal prism Base: Lateral Face Lateral Edge Altitude Height h

Example • • • Triangular Prism Base: Lateral Face Lateral Edge Altitude Height h

Prisms • A prism may either be a right prism, • or an oblique prism • The book says we can Assume All right prisms

Lateral Area/Surface Area • If you think about it, in a right prism, all lateral faces are rectangles, and all lateral edges are altitudes • The lateral area of a prism is the sum of the area of all the rectangles (lateral faces) • The surface area is the sum of the lateral area, and the area of the top and bottom face

Lateral Area • • • A look at lateral area (the sum of the area of the lateral faces): If you look at this prism, there are three rectangles: To calculate the lateral area, we calculate the area of each face –in this case there are three, there could be more Remember, area is base x height 16 So we have 8 x 16 + 10 x 16 + 8 x 16 = 416 8 8 10 16 16 8 16 10 8

Lateral Area • • Instead of adding three separate areas, we can combine these into one area Now we have one big rectangle The base is now 8+10+8 = 26, and the height is 16 So the area is now 26 x 16 = 416 –which is the same What do we call the base now that it’s combined? This is called the Perimeter If you think about it, this is the perimeter of the triangle 8 8 10 16 16 16 8 8 10 16 Now we have a new equation: Lateral area is Perimeter x Height 8 10 8

Example 10 • What is the Lateral Area of this triangular prism? • Lateral Area = Perimeter x 15 height • = (15+12+10) x 20 • = 37 x 20 = 740 • Now use 25 for the perimeter and 17 for the height using the calculator… 12 20

Surface Area • To calculate the surface area, calculate the lateral area, and add the area of the top and bottom base • Remember S = 2 a. TAN(180/n) – Area of triangle = ½ x b x h A = S/2(Tan(180/n) 2 – Area of square = S – Area of rectangle = b x h – Area of regular polygon = ½ x a x p –where a = apothem, and p = perimeter (Apothem is the distance from one side to the center of the polygon) – THE APOTHEM ON A HEXAGON IS ALWAYS ½ THE SIDE X √ 3 – SO IF YOU HAVE A HEXAGON WITH A SIDE OF 6, THEN THE APOTHEM IS 3 √ 3

Area of a Cylinder • Like a prism, this has 2 bases (the top and the bottom) • We know how to find the area of a circle (π x r 2) • We just need the Lateral Area • If we take the cylinder and unroll it, it looks like this: • How long is the base of this rectangle? • It is the same as the circumference of the circle, or 2 xrx π –or dx π H H

Example • Find the Surface area of this cylinder • S. A. = L. A. + 2 B • L. A. = P x H • P = 2 x r x π = 2 x 4 x π = 25. 13 • P x H = 25. 13 x 23 = 578. 05 • B = π x r 2 = π x 16 = 50. 27 • S. A. = 578. 05 + 2(50. 27) = 678. 59 R=4 23

Surface Area • Find the surface area of this rectangular prism 10 • Surface area = Lateral area + 2 b (where b = area of the base) • Lateral area = p x h • P = 7+7+10+10 = 34 • H = 20 • Lateral Area = 34 x 20 = 680 • B (area of one base) = 10 x 7 = 70 • Surface area = L. A. + 2 B • Surface Area = 680 + 2(70) = 820 7 20

Assignment • P. 692 6 -17 704 7 -19 • Worksheet 10 -1, 10 -3

Surface Area of A Pyramid • Pyramid: A polyhedron in which one face (the BASE) can be any polygon and the other faces (LATERAL FACES) are triangles that meet at a common vertex –called the VERTEX of the pyramid • Pyramids are named after the shape of the base • The altitude of a pyramid is the perpendicular segment from the base to the vertex –the height is the measurement of this altitude • A regular pyramid has a base that is a regular polygon AND the faces are congruent Isosceles triangles • The Slant Height is the length of an altitude of a lateral face

Label the Parts • Base • Altitude – Height • Slant Height • Vertex h h

Lateral Area • Lateral Area of a pyramid is the sum of the areas of the congruent lateral faces • Each lateral face is a triangle, where the base of the triangle is the length of the side of the base • The height of the triangle is the slant height l • Therefore the area of one face is ½ x l x s • In this pyramid, there are 4 sides, so it would be 4(1/2 x l x s) • NOTE 4 x s is the perimeter, so now we can rewrite this (for ALL pyramids) as Lateral Area = ½ x P x l • Where P = perimeter, and l = slant height s l

Lateral Area and Surface Area • Lateral area of a pyramid = L. A. = ½ x P x l • Surface area of a pyramid = L. A. + B (where B = area of the base)

Example • Find the surface area of a square pyramid with base edges of 5 meters and a slant height of 3 meters • L. A. = ½ x p x l • L. A. = ½ x (4 x 5) x 3 • = ½ x 20 x 3 = 30 m 2 • S. A. = L. A. + B • B (area of base) = 5 x 5 = 25 m 2 • Surface Area = 30 + 25 = 55 m 2

Cones • A cone has a vertex like a pyramid, but the base is a circle, not a polygon • The height of cone is the perpendicular distance from the base to the vertex (same as a pyramid) • The slant height is the distance from the vertex to any point on the edge of the base

Cones • In a pyramid, the lateral area was ½ the perimeter times slant height l • A cone is much the same: the lateral area is ½ x 2πr x l This reduces to π x r x l • The surface area is the Lateral Area L. A. + B (area of base) –and the area of the base is • πr 2

Example • Find the surface area of a cone with a slant height of 25 cm, and a radius of 15 cm in terms of π • L. A. = π x r x l • L. A. = π x 15 x 25= 375π • S. A. = L. A. + B (area of base) • S. A. = 375 π + 152π • S. A. = 375π + 225π = 600π

Assignment • Text Page P. 713 9 -21 • Worksheet 10 -4

Spheres • A sphere (really a ball) is the set of all points which are equally distant from a center. • A radius is the same as in a circle, it starts at a point on the edge, and ends at the center point • A diameter is also the same –it is a segment that ends on both sides of the sphere, and goes through the middle

Sphere • Imagine cutting through a sphere with a plane. If you took each half and looked at it, it would create a circle • If you cut through the sphere exactly at the center, the circle you create would be called the GREAT CIRCLE • This Great Circle is the circumference of the sphere –it is the largest –or longestdistance around the sphere • A Great Circle creates two hemispheres (hemi means half) Volume: 4/3πr 3 S. A. –The surface area of a sphere is calculated as 4πr 2

Example • Find the surface area of a sphere with a diameter of 8 m. Leave in terms of π • Surface Area = 4πr 2 • = 4 π42 • = 64 π m 2

Assignment • Page 737 6 -25 • Worksheet 10 -7

Volume of Prisms and Cylinders • We know that volume in its most simple terms is length x width x height • We can refine this somewhat and say that for prisms, volume is the area of the base x the height • V = Bh • Here, the area of the base is 12 6 x 4 = 24. Then multiply times the height (12) = 288 6 4

Example • Find the volume of this triangular prism • Here, we must find the area of the base triangle • A = ½(bxh) = ½(8 x 8) = ½(64) = 32 • Multiply x height • = 32 x 24 = 768 24 8 8

Volume of a Cylinder • We use the same equation for the volume of a cylinder • V = Bh –(where B = the area of the base) x height • In this example, the area of the base is 3 • A = πr 2= πx 9 = 9π • V = 9π x 8 = 72π or 226. 2 8

Example 17 cm • Find the volume of this composite figure • Break this down into two figures, a rectangle and a cylinder • What is the diameter of the circle on top? – 12 cm • What is the radius of the circle on top? – 6 cm • Therefore, what is the height of the rectangle? • 17 cm – 6 cm = 11 cm • The volume of the rectangle is B x h = 16 x 12 x 17 = 3264 • The volume of the cylinder is B x h • B = πr 2 = π x 62 = 36π • Volume = 36π x 16 = 1809. 6 m c 2 16 cm 1 But we only need ½ the cylinder, so we have 1/2 x(1809. 6) = 904. 8 Now add 3264 = 4168. 8 cm 3

Example • Find the volume of this composite figure • There is a cube, which is 8 x 8 = 512 8 • And a rectangular prism which is 8 x 16 x 8 = 1024 8 • Total = 512 + 1024 = 1536 16 8 8

Assignment • Text Page 721 6 -16 • Worksheet 10 -5

Volume of Pyramids and Cones 8 25 • The volume of a pyramid is 1/3 x B x h (note, this is NOT slant height, but regular height) • Find the volume of this pyramid • V = 1/3 x (6 x 8) x 25 • V = 400 6

Volume of a Cone • The volume of a cone is the same as the volume of a sphere H = 14 • V = 1/3 x B x h • In this example, R=6 2 • V = 1/3 x (π) x 6 x 14 • V = 527. 8

Assignment • Page 730 9 -19 • Worksheet 10 -6