Unit 10 Modern Addictions Skills focus Reading recognizing

Unit 10 Modern Addictions

Skills focus Reading • recognizing the writer’s stance and level of confidence or tentativeness • inferring implicit ideas Writing • writing situation-problem-solutionevaluation essays • using direct quotations • compiling a bibliography/reference list Vocabulary focus • ‘neutral’ and ‘marked’ words • fixed phrases from psychology • fixed phrases from academic English

10. 1 Vocabulary 10. 2 Reading 10. 3 Extending skills 10. 4 Extending skills

Vocabulary bank Recognizing fixed phrases from psychology (3) Make sure you understand these key phrases from psychology. addictive behaviour impulse control disorder repetitious enactment altered states of mind mood modification rewarding behavioural addictions negative repercussions self-reporting compulsive behaviour obsessive-compulsive disorder substance dependency diagnostic criteria psychiatric disorder withdrawal symptoms

Vocabulary bank Recognizing fixed phrases from academic English (3) Make sure you understand these key phrases from general academic English. One of the … In this sort of situation … In some circumstances, … It is obvious/clear that … Even so, … It appears to be the case that … … , as follows: … Research has shown … The writers assert/maintain that … The evidence does not support this idea.

10. 1 Vocabulary A Study the words in box a. 1 Use your dictionary to find out the meanings. 2 What part of speech is each word?

10. 1 Vocabulary A Study the words in box a. Word Part of speech Meaning/synonym addiction n (C/U) the condition of being addicted to something bulimia n (U) an eating disorder characterized by excessive eating followed by vomiting compulsion n (C/U) an irresistible desire to do something dependency n (C) kleptomania n (U) obsession n (C) the state of needing something so much that it is not possible to function without it an impulse control disorder that drives the afflicted person to steal unnecessary items an overpowering, repetitive thought or feeling

10. 1 Vocabulary A Study the words in box a. Word Part of speech Meaning/synonym relapse n (C/U), v (T) return to a previous state or behaviour pattern repetitious adj enacted again and again salience n (U) substance n (C) importance or relevance material or chemical composition; psychoactive drug withdrawal n (C/U) the removal or discontinuation of something; symptoms following cessation after dependence

10. 1 Vocabulary B Read the Hadford University handout. 1 Use your dictionary or another source to check the meanings of the highlighted phrases.

10. 1 Vocabulary B Read the Hadford University handout. substance abuse taking a drug or chemical substance inappropriately or in excess repetitious use making use of something habitually social responsibilities obligations to contribute to the community (work, study, look after the family) harmful effects damaging consequences withdrawal symptoms the need to increase the stimulus or behaviour in order to obtain the same satisfaction the negative emotional and physical effects of removing the object of an addiction behavioural disorders psychiatric illnesses that are characterized by abnormal behaviour tolerance symptoms

10. 1 Vocabulary B Read the Hadford University handout. 2 Which are the stressed syllables in each phrase? Which two phrases have the same stress pattern? substance abuse Oo o. O repetitious use oo. Oo O social responsibilities Oo ooo. Ooo harmful effects Oo o. O tolerance symptoms Ooo Oo withdrawal symptoms o. Oo Oo behavioural disorders o. Ooo o. Oo Substance abuse and harmful effects have the same stress pattern.

10. 1 Vocabulary C Look at the pictures on the opposite page. 1 What do you think is happening in each picture? 2 What addiction or compulsion does each one represent? 1 A man is sitting at a computer and chatting online. It’s three o’clock in the morning. He may be suffering from an addiction to the Internet addiction

10. 1 Vocabulary C Look at the pictures on the opposite page. 1 What do you think is happening in each picture? 2 What addiction or compulsion does each one represent? 2 A woman returns home with a lot of new clothes in her shopping bags. She probably doesn’t need any more clothes. She may be suffering from a behavioural disorder. Compulsive shopping disorder

10. 1 Vocabulary C Look at the pictures on the opposite page. 1 What do you think is happening in each picture? 2 What addiction or compulsion does each one represent? 3 A young man is busy sending a text message during a lecture. He may have an addiction to mobile phone. Mobile phone addiction

10. 1 Vocabulary C Look at the pictures on the opposite page. 1 What do you think is happening in each picture? 2 What addiction or compulsion does each one represent? 4 Two young children are playing a video game. They may be suffering from an addiction to gaming. Gaming addiction

10. 1 Vocabulary C Look at the pictures on the opposite page. 1 What do you think is happening in each picture? 2 What addiction or compulsion does each one represent? 5 This shows a very thin woman, almost a skeleton. She may be suffering from an eating disorder like bulimia (eating, followed by vomiting), or anorexia (not eating enough). Eating disorder

10. 1 Vocabulary C Look at the pictures on the opposite page. 1 What do you think is happening in each picture? 2 What addiction or compulsion does each one represent? 6 A man is in a shop stealing small, inexpensive objects that he probably doesn’t need. He may have kleptomania. Kleptomania

10. 1 Vocabulary D Study the words in box b. 1 Check the meanings, parts of speech and stress patterns. 2 Put the words into the correct box in the table below, as in the example.

Vocabulary bank Recognizing ‘marked’ words Many common words in English are ‘neutral’, i. e. , they do not imply any view on the part of the writer or speaker. However, there are often apparent synonyms which are ‘marked’. They show attitude, or stance. Examples: Internet use rose by 15% last year. (neutral) Internet use soared by 15% last year. (marked) Soared implies that the writer thinks this is a particularly big or fast increase. When you read a sentence, think: Is this a neutral word, or is it a marked word? If it is marked, what does this tell me about the writer’s attitude to the information? When you write a sentence, particularly in paraphrasing, think: Have I used neutral words or marked words? If I have used marked words, do they show my real attitude/the attitude of the original writer?

Vocabulary bank Recognizing ‘marked’ words Extend your vocabulary by learning marked words and their exact effect. Examples: Neutral Marked go up, rise, increase soar, rocket go down, fall, decrease sink, plummet, plunge say, state assert, maintain, claim, argue, allege eat, drink binge, gorge, indulge habitual compulsive, obsessive, uncontrollable

10. 1 Vocabulary D Study the words in box b. 1 Check the meanings, parts of speech and stress patterns. 2 Put the words into the correct box in the table below, as in the example. Neutral Marked rise, increase ’rocket, soar (v) fall, decrease co’llapse (v and n), ’plummet (v), ’tumble (v and n) big, large, high e’normous, huge, ’massive, sig’nificant, tre’mendous (adj), extra’ordinary good ’brilliant, great, su’perb, tre’mendous (adj), fan’tastic, out’standing small insig’nificant, ’minimal (adj), least

Vocabulary bank Recognizing levels of confidence in research or information In an academic context, writers will usually indicate the level of confidence in information they are giving. There is a strong tendency also for writers to be tentative when stating facts. Examples: It appears to be the case that … / This suggests that … (tentative) The evidence shows that … / It is clear that … (definite/confident) When you read a ‘fact’ in a text, look for qualifying words before it, which show the level of confidence.

Vocabulary bank Recognizing levels of confidence in research or information 100% *** definitely true. The writer is very confident X caused Y 75% ** probably true. The writer is a little tentative X probably/is likely to have caused Y 50% * possibly true. The writer is very tentative X may/might/could have/possibly caused Y

10. 1 Vocabulary E Read the extract from the newspaper article. 1 Use a marked word in place of each of the italicized (neutral) words. rocketed/soared It’s generally accepted that Internet use has risen recently because of the enormous/huge/massive large expansion of networks across the world. Undoubtedly, this is the cause of a big increase in the number of Internet addicts. extraordinary/tremendous We probably all know someone at work, or amongst our friends, who can’t resist the urge to spend all night playing games or chatting on the Internet, even when it’s clear that they’ll be too tired in the morning to carry out the most insignificant/least significant smallest of their daily tasks.

10. 1 Vocabulary E Read the extract from the newspaper article. 1 Use a marked word in place of each of the italicized (neutral) words. We can also be fairly sure that their performance levels at work or school will decrease. plummet/tumble In psychological journals, it has been suggested that Internet addictions may fall into the category of impulse control disorders, which could also include other behavioural disorders, such as kleptomania.

10. 1 Vocabulary E Read the extract from the newspaper article. 2 Look at the bold phrases. How strong or confident are they? Very confident It’s generally accepted that Undoubtedly We can also be fairly sure Tentative ( = not confident) ✓ ✓ We probably all know it’s clear that Fairly confident ✓ ✓ ✓ it has been suggested ✓ may ✓ could ✓

10. 2 Reading A Study the sentence on the right. Each phrase in box a could go in the space. What effect would each one have on the base meaning? Mark from *** = very confident to * = very tentative

10. 2 Reading Word/phrase probably caused may have contributed to A Study the sentence on the right. Each phrase in box a could go in the space. What effect would each one have on the base meaning? Mark from *** = very confident to * = very tentative Rating Words which show less than 100% confidence ** * probably may contributed (i. e. , there were other reasons) was possibly one of the factors which contributed to * possibly one of the factors (i. e. , there were several factors) contributed could have been a factor which led to * could a factor (i. e. , there were other factors) caused seems to have caused *** ** — seems

10. 2 Reading B Survey the text on the opposite page. 1 What will the text be about? 2 Write three research questions. Teaching tips: Remind students that surveying the text means scanning and skimreading to get an approximate idea of the text contents. They should: • look at the title • look at the first few lines and the final few lines of the text • look at the first sentence of each paragraph

10. 2 Reading C Read the text. Does it answer your questions? Teaching tips: Set for individual work followed by pairwork discussion.

10. 2 Reading D Answer these questions. 1 What is the connection between peyote and enlightenment? Peyote produces hallucinations which are similar to visions, and may result in new perceptions. 2 Why did some of the Romantic poets take opium? To stimulate their imagination and creativity. 3 Which addictions are the result of modern technology and lifestyles? Internet addiction, eating disorders, compulsive shopping.

10. 2 Reading D Answer these questions. 4 How do substance dependencies differ from behavioural addictions? Substance dependencies cause physiological damage as well as psychological and social harm. 5 Does Griffiths accept that Internet addiction exists? Griffiths thinks that the majority of Internet addicts may be using the Internet to compensate for other disorders. 6 How do the results of the Korean research differ from those of China? The Korean research found that 86% of Internet addicts had other psychiatric disorders, but in China, Internet addiction was recognized as a specific disorder.

10. 2 Reading E Find the phrases in box b in the text. Is the writer confident (C) or tentative (T) about the information which follows?

10. 2 Reading E Find the phrases in box b in the text. Is the writer confident (C) or tentative (T) about the information which follows? Without doubt, drug addiction is not a modern phenomenon. C It is important to recognize that although addictive behaviour is often associated with the abuse of chemical substances like drugs and alcohol, it is not necessarily confined to these. C Many writers these days seem to agree that it can include compulsive shopping, eating, playing video games and chatting on online social networks. Although drug dependency and impulse control disorders, such as obsessive texting, may be considered similar, … T … it could be claimed that there is a major difference. T … it can be argued that excessive usage in a majority of cases appears to be purely symptomatic … … this analysis is largely supported by recent research carried out in the Republic of Korea, … T … where research has identified massive levels of Internet addiction. T C C

10. 2 Reading F Look at the writer’s description of Internet addiction in China (para. 5). 1 Underline the marked words. However, it must be noted that a decidedly different view has been adopted in China, where research has identified massive levels of Internet addiction. At a recent conference, Tao Ran, Ph. D. , Director of Addiction Medicine at Beijing Military Region Central Hospital, revealed that ‘ 13. 7% of Chinese adolescent Internet users meet Internet addiction diagnostic criteria – about 10 million teenagers’ (Block, 2008, p. 306). These extraordinary figures have led the Chinese government to introduce innovative ways to control online gaming for young people, details of which were published in an article in the People’s Daily (2007).

10. 2 Reading F Look at the writer’s description of Internet addiction in China (para. 5). 2 What does the choice of these words tell you about the writer’s opinion of the levels of Internet addiction in China? The choice of words emphasizes the high numbers of young people with Internet addiction in China and gives the impression that the writer is concerned about them. The writer clearly approves of the ways the Chinese government is controlling online gaming, and thinks that their solution is creative and original.

10. 2 Reading F Look at the writer’s description of Internet addiction in China (para. 5). 3 Find neutral words to use in their place. Marked word Neutral alternative decidedly very massive significant, high extraordinary high, unexpected innovative new

10. 2 Reading G Study the example sentence on the right, and then sentences A and B. 1 Divide sentences A and B into small parts, as in the example sentence. 2 Underline any joining words (e. g. , conjunctions). Example:

Skills bank Identifying the parts of a long sentence Long sentences contain many separate parts. You must be able to recognize these parts to understand the sentence as a whole. Mark up a long sentence as follows: • Locate the subjects, verbs and objects/complements and underline the relevant nouns, verbs and adjectives. • Put a dividing line: • at the end of a phrase which begins a sentence • before a phrase at the end of the sentence • between clauses • Put brackets round extra pieces of information.

Skills bank Identifying the parts of a long sentence Example: In recent years, young women have become increasingly preoccupied with their body image, in some cases even following life-threatening dietary regimes in order to match the size and shape of excessively thin fashion celebrities. In recent years, | young women have become (increasingly) preoccupied | with their body image, | in some cases | (even) following lifethreatening dietary regimes | in order to | match the size and shape of (excessively) thin fashion celebrities.

10. 2 Reading G Study the example sentence on the right, and then sentences A and B. 1 Divide sentences A and B into small parts, as in the example sentence. 2 Underline any joining words (e. g. , conjunctions). Whereas| drug abuse | involves | ingesting substances| that | have a direct effect on brain function | and | cause |physiological, | as well as | psychological harm, | behavioural addictions | have | only psychological and social consequences. However, | it must be noted | that | a decidedly different view | has been adopted | in China, | where | research | has identified | massive levels of Internet addiction.

10. 2 Reading G Study the example sentence on the right, and then sentences A and B. 3 Find the subjects, verbs, objects/complements and adverbial phrases which go together. Subject noun phrases Example Although drug dependency and impulse control disorders such as obsessive texting A Verb phrases Object/complement noun phrases may be considered similar it appears that there is a major difference. Whereas drug abuse involves ingesting substances that have a direct effect and cause physiological, … harm, have only psychological …consequences behavioural addictions Adverbial phrases on the brain function

10. 2 Reading Example B G Study the example sentence on the right, and then sentences A and B. 3 Find the subjects, verbs, objects/complements and adverbial phrases which go together. Subject noun phrases Verb phrases Object/complement noun phrases Although drug dependency and impulse control disorders such as obsessive texting may be considered similar it appears that there is must be noted that has been adopted a major difference. has identified massive levels of Internet addiction. However, it a decidedly different view where research Adverbial phrases in China,

10. 2 Reading G Study the example sentence on the right, and then sentences A and B. 4 Make several short simple sentences which show the meaning. Drug abuse involves ingesting substances. Substances have a direct effect on the brain function. Substances cause physiological harm. Substances cause psychological harm. Behavioural addictions have psychological consequences. Behavioural addictions have social consequences. A different view has been adopted in China. Research has identified massive levels of Internet addiction.

10. 3 Extending skills A Read the three essay questions. What types of essay are they? 1 Description and evaluation. 2 Definition, analysis and evaluation. 3 Description, analysis, then comparison and evaluation/argument/opinion, plus support.

10. 3 Extending skills B Look at text A on the opposite page. Copy and complete Table 1.

Table 1 10. 3 Extending skills B Look at text A on the opposite page. Copy and complete Table 1. Situation Two studies of body weight, diet and eating disorders. Research method 1 Rizvi, Stice & Agras’ study: participants – postpartum women; data collection method – self-reporting questionnaire + Eating Disorder Inventory, Body Mass index; results – (i) abnormal dieting patterns decreased over time, (ii) scores in body dissatisfaction increased Research method 2 Heatherton, Mahamedi, Striepe and Keel’s field study: participants – college students, age 20– 22; data collection method - assessment and EDI; results – risk of eating disorder decreases with maturity Comparison of 1&2 Rizvi study – self-reporting and questionnaire results conflicted; limitation – only one gender, only two data sources, recent childbirth affected results. Heatherton study – assessment → results clear; limitation – only two data sources

10. 3 Extending skills C Look at text B on the opposite page. Copy and complete Table 2. How do Koran’s criteria for addiction match those described by Griffiths?

Table 2 10. 3 Extending skills C Look at text B on the opposite page. Copy and complete Table 2. How do Koran’s criteria for addiction match those described by Griffiths? Proposition compulsive buying is a psychiatric disorder. Supporting point 1 compulsive buyers obsessed with urge to buy unnecessary items Supporting point 2 compulsive buyers suffer distress and conflict with social responsibilities Koran’s criteria match Griffiths’ criteria of: salience, tolerance and conflict with social functions.

10. 3 Extending skills Data Collection Methods Self-reporting Questionnaires & assessments D Look again at the methods described in Exercise B (Table 1). What are their possible advantages and disadvantages? Advantages Disadvantages responses reflect individual perceptions subjective may be inconsistent/inaccurate interpretation may be affected by researcher bias questions may not apply to individual participants responses may not be accurate interpretation of statistics may be affected by researcher bias easy to apply standardized questions objective responses easy to convert to statistics

10. 3 Extending skills Introduction introduce the topic area give the outline of the essay E Read the title of essay 3 again. 1 Make a plan for this essay. Examples of ideas eating disorders ➔ changes over time In this essay, I will discuss two studies of eating disorders … I will illustrate/describe … (examples) I will consider … (the research methods) Finally, I will suggest … (the most effective method) Body Para 1: 1. eating disorders – defined by DSM-IV = binge eating, situation/problems fasting and strict dieting (general) 2. young women most commonly affected 3. research into evolution of disorder over time (evidence – Rizvi, Heatherton) Rizvi’s study – participants – postpartum women; data Para 2: collection method – Eating Disorder Inventory + 2 study 1 questionnaires; baseline – after childbirth + 6 -year follow(specific example) up; results – binge eating, fasting and dieting patterns decreased, but increases in scores of body dissatisfaction

10. 3 Extending skills Introduction Para 3: Body study 2 (specific example) Para 4: evaluation of research methods Conclusion E Read the title of essay 3 again. 1 Make a plan for this essay. Examples of ideas Heatherton, Mahamedi, Striepe, Field, and Keel’s study – participants – college students, age 20– 22, both genders; data collection method – 2 assessments + 10 -year follow-up; results – risk of eating disorder decreases for women over time 1. Rizvi’s study – results inconsistent; limitation: sample – women only – recent childbirth may have affected results. 2. Heatherton study – clearer results; sample homogeneous in age + both genders – BUT results over-simplified? (evidence – Keel’s 20 -year study) In my view/As I see it, the best option is … because … Firstly … Secondly … Thirdly …

Possible topic sentences 10. 3 Extending skills E Read the title of essay 3 again. 2 Write a topic sentence for each paragraph in the body of the essay. 3 Write a concluding paragraph. Para 1 Eating disorders are defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR) as disorders that involve disturbances of body perception and eating patterns. Para 2 Rizvi’s study investigated changes in the attitudes and eating behaviours of a group of postpartum adult women over a period of six years. Para 3 In contrast, Heatherton’s study focused on the body perceptions and eating patterns of college students over ten years. Para 4 The results of Rizvi’s and Heatherton’s studies differed significantly.

10. 4 Extending skills A Expand these simple sentences. Add extra information. Use the ideas in Lesson 10. 3. 1 Eating disorders include binge eating. Eating disorders, as defined by DSM-IV, include binge eating, which is a pattern of excessive eating followed immediately by vomiting. 2 Young women are most commonly affected. Taking into account the current fashion for thinness, it is not surprising that young women represent the social group most commonly affected by eating disorders. 3 Research has been carried out to trace changes in eating patterns. In order to develop more effective treatments for eating disorders, research has been carried out to trace shifts in eating patterns and attitudes to body image from adolescence to adulthood.

10. 4 Extending skills A Expand these simple sentences. Add extra information. Use the ideas in Lesson 10. 3. 4 The study by Rizvi et al. produced inconsistent results. Rizvi et al. ’s (1997) study produced inconsistent results, showing that although abnormal eating patterns decreased over time, body dissatisfaction increased. 5 The study by Heatherton et al. produced clearer results. Heatherton et al. ’s (1998) study produced clearer results, possibly because the age group of the sample was restricted.

10. 4 Extending skills B Look at text C on the opposite page. Copy and complete Tables 1– 3. See Skills bank

Skills bank Writing a bibliography/reference list The APA (American Psychological Association) system is probably the most common in the social sciences. Information should be given as shown in the following source references for a book, an Internet article and a journal article. The final list should be in alphabetical order according to the family name of the writer. Author Gleitman, H. , Fridlund, A. J. , & Reisburg, D. Date Title of book (2006). Psychology Place of publication New York: Publisher W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.

Skills bank Writer or organization Writing a bibliography/reference list Date (or ‘n. d. ’) Date of retrieval Full URL Kleptomania. Retrieved September 12, 2009, from Psych. Net. UK. n. d. Author Title of Internet article Date Keel, P. K. , Baxter, (2007). M. G. , Heatherton, T. F. , & Joiner, Jr. , T. E. http: //www. psychnetuk. com/dsm_iv/kleptomania. htm Title of article Title of journal A 20 -year longitudinal study of body weight, dieting, and eating disorder symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, Volume and page numbers 116(2), 422 -432

B Look at text C on the opposite page. Copy and complete Tables 1– 3. Table 1 10. 4 Extending skills Author(s) Place of publication Oxford Gross, R. Table 2 Name of journal Table 3 Date of publication 2005 Publisher Hodder Arnold Volume Pages American Journal of Psychiatry 165(3) 306 - 307 The Psychologist 12(5) 246 - 251 American Journal of Psychiatry 165(10) 1806 Retrieval date September 17, 2009 URL http: //english. peopledaily. com. cn/200704/10/eng 20070 410_364977. html

10. 4 Extending skills C Look at text D on the opposite page. 1 Complete a further row of Table 1. 2 How could you write this as a reference?

10. 4 Extending skills Author(s) Mc. Donald, E. C Look at text D on the opposite page. 1 Complete a further row of Table 1. 2 How could you write this as a reference? Place of publication Date of publication London 2007 Publisher Wentworth & Bourne 2. Mc. Donald, E. (2007). Case studies in behavioural addictions. London: Wentworth & Bourne.

10. 4 Extending skills & © cf. edn. ed(s). et al. D What do the abbreviations in box a mean? and copyright compare edition editor(s) and other authors

10. 4 Extending skills ibid. n. d. op. cit. p. pp. vol. D What do the abbreviations in box a mean? same place in a work already referred to no date (used in a reference list if there is no date – as is often the case with web articles) the work already referred to pages volume

10. 4 Extending skills E Look back at the text on page 81 (Lesson 10. 2) and at text B on the opposite page. 1 Find all the research sources (e. g. , Gross, 2005, p. 125). 2 Mark the page numbers for the books next to the correct reference in the list (C) on the opposite page. 3 What punctuation and formatting is used before and within each direct quote? Why? 4 What words are used to introduce each direct quote? Why does the writer choose each word?

10. 4 Extending skills Quote ‘the persistent and repetitious enactment of a behaviour pattern’ E Look back at the text on page 81 (Lesson 10. 2) and at text B on the opposite page. Source Punctuation/ formatting before/within each direct quote page 125 of Gross, R. ‘xxx’. (2005). Psychology: The science of mind and behaviour. Oxford: Hodder Arnold. Introducing phrase + reason for choice According to Walters (1999) addiction can be defined as, reason: what follows is a definition

10. 4 Extending skills Quote Taking all the case study and survey evidence together, it can be argued that excessive usage in a majority of cases appears to be purely symptomatic (i. e. , the Internet is being used as a tool to engage in other types of rewarding behaviour, like being in a relationship). (op. cit. p. 249) E Look back at the text on page 81 (Lesson 10. 2) and at text B on the opposite page. Source page 249 of Griffiths, M. (1999). Internet addiction: fact or fiction? The Psychologist, 12(5), 246– 251. Punctuation/ formatting before/within each direct quote ‘xxx’. 48 words new line, indented five spaces Introducing phrase + reason for choice Griffiths (1999) questions whether … reason: what follows is an argument

10. 4 Extending skills Quote ‘ 13. 7% of Chinese adolescent Internet users meet Internet addiction diagnostic criteria – about 10 million teenagers’. . . E Look back at the text on page 81 (Lesson 10. 2) and at text B on the opposite page. Source page 306 of Block, J. J. (2008). Issues for DSM-V: Internet addiction. American Journal of Psychiatry, 165: (3), 306 -307. Punctuation /formatting before/within each direct quote , ‘xxx’(ref). Introducing phrase + reason for choice At a recent conference, Tao Ran, Ph. D. , … revealed that, … reason: what follows is a statistic

10. 4 Extending skills Quote ‘being frequently preoccupied with buying or subject to irresistible, intrusive, and/or senseless impulses to buy; frequently buying unneeded items or more than can be afforded; shopping for periods longer than intended; ’ E Look back at the text on page 81 (Lesson 10. 2) and at text B on the opposite page. Source page 1806 of Koran, L. M. , Faber, R. J. , Aboujaoude, E. , Large, M. D. , & Serpe, R. T. (2006). Estimated Prevalence of Compulsive Buying Behavior in the United States. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 163(10), 1806. Punctuation/f ormatting before/within each direct quote ，, ‘xxx. ’ Introducing phrase + reason for choice His criteria for defining compulsive buyers included, reason: this definition is a

10. 4 Extending skills Quote ‘marked distress, impaired social or occupational functioning, and/or financial problems’. Source E Look back at the text on page 81 (Lesson 10. 2) and at text B on the opposite page. Punctuation /formatting before/within each direct quote page 1806 of Koran, L. M. , ‘xxx’ Faber, R. J. , Aboujaoude, E. , Large, M. D. , & Serpe, R. T. (2006). Estimated Prevalence of Compulsive Buying Behavior in the United States. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 163(10), 1806. Introducing phrase + reason for choice Koran (ibid. ) also outlined the negative effects of compulsive buying as, reason: Koran is quoting the results of previous research

10. 4 Extending skills E Look back at the text on page 81 (Lesson 10. 2) and at text B on the opposite page. Correct versions are: Atkinson, R. L. , Atkinson, R. C. , Smith, E. E. , & Benn, D. J. (1990). Introduction to Psychology (10 th Ed. ). New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. Pervin, L. A. , Cervone, D. , & John, O. P. (2005). Personality: Theory and research (9 th Ed. ). USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Shafran, R. (1999). Obsessive compulsive disorder. The Psychologist, 12 (12), 588 -591. Walters, G. D. (1999). The addiction concept: working hypothesis or self-fulfilling prophecy. Needham Heights, MA: Alleyn and Bacon.