Unit 1 Review Period 1 8000 BCE600 BCE
Unit 1 Review
• Period 1 8000 BCE-600 BCE • Starts @ Neolithic Revolution • Out of Africa – All people come from AFR – Bering Strait
• Civilization (farming) leads to disease, gender inequality, social inequality • 8000 BCE – Neolithic Revolution/Agricultural Revolution • First crops = wheat/barley in Middle East • Then rice/China, yams/AFR, maize/AME • Farming brings surplus of food
• Domesticated animals start in Middle East – sheep, goats, cows, pigs • Only Llamas in AME – Columbia Exchange? • Most civs develop independently – Especially AME • Ag settlements (not civs) – Jericho 8000 BCE (Israel) – Chatel Huyuk 7000 BCE (Turkey)
• • • What is a civ? Food surplus Job specialization Writing Art Trade Stratification Military New Tech
• Metals during this time are very important • First Bronze (copper + tin) – 3000 BCE • First Iron – 1300 BCE
Themes • Environment altered by humans – Irrigation – Indus, Nile, Yellow all flood • Developments from cultural interaction – Trade among empires • As civilization progresses, woman’s status declines – Hunters/gatherers egalitarian
River Valley Civs: • Mesopotamia • Flooding = angry gods • Travelers = causing trouble, less stability • Sumer • Cuneiform = earliest known writing • Epic of Gilgamesh – Flood found in other stories
• Govs less centralized – City states • Sumerian Advancements • Wheel, calendar, 60 base number system
• Babylonians take over Sumer • Code of Hammurabi – Diff rules for diff classes – Super strict – Gender inequality
Mesopotamia highlights: • Polytheistic • Not centralized gov • Hammurabi’s Code • Cuneiform • Wheel • Gilgamesh
• Hittites bring iron to Mesopotamia • Diffusion – getting something from another culture
• • Major Mesopotamian cultures: Sumer Acadians Babylon Hittites Assyrians Persians
• Egypt • Nile predictable flooding – Less angry gods? • • 3 kingdoms – old, middle, new Pyramids in old Interact w/ Nubians in middle More militaristic in new
• • • Pharaoh is middle More centralized than Meso Pyramids show stratification Hieroglyphics (probably borrowed from Meso) Papyrus = paper
Compare Zigs, Pyrs, AME pyrs
Compare Cuneiform, Hieroglyphics, Mayan Glyphs
• Hatshepsut – woman ruler – Then Egypt has more status for women than other civs • Diffusion of bronze into Egypt from Hyksos
• • Egyptian Highlights: Polytheistic Social Stratification Centralized (more than Mesopotamia) Higher status for women Pyramids Hieroglyphics
• Indus (Pakistan) (N. India) – Cities: Mohenjo Daro, Harappa • Indoor plumbing, peaceful • Social stratification • Proof of long distance trade – Indus seals found in Mesopotamia/China • Aryans take over end Indus Civ • Start Hinduism/Caste System
• China (Shang Dynasty) first • Oracle bones – Scratch questions, fire, get answers from ancestors • Zhou (Joe) – Longest dynasty – Create mandate of heaven • God gives emperor right to rule if he is good • Maybe justification to overthrow Shang?
• • Exceptions to river valley rule Americas Olmec in Central America Chavin in Peru
• Important groups • Indo-Europeans – Rode horses – Spread from C. Asia – Aryans/Huns • Bantu migrations (2000 BCE) – Sub Sahara – Spread their language, farming and iron • Hebrews (first monotheists) • Phoenicians – Phonetics (becomes modern alphabet)
Religion in U 1: • Animism – “animating” giving objects spirits – Africa, Asia • Hinduism • Judaism • Zoroastrianism – Good and evil starts here. – Arguments for this was first monotheist religion – Good god/bad god maybe polytheistic – Maybe archetype for God/Devil
- Slides: 24