Unit 1 Introduction to Public Speaking Chapter 1

Unit 1 Introduction to Public Speaking

Chapter 1 Speaking in Public

Why Study Public Speaking? • Empowerment – Give you an edge – Audition for leadership • Employment – 1 st factor sought by employers – 2 nd is writing skills

Public Speaking and Conversation • Public speaking is more planned • Public speaking is more formal • The roles of public speakers and audiences are more clearly defined

What is Communication? • The sending and receiving of messages in order to establish shared meaning • Requires Competence In: * Understanding Cultural Guidelines * Critical Thinking * Ethics * Power * Listening

Models of Communication Linear Interactional Transactional

Interference / Noise Frame of Reference Encode Decode Messages & Context Decode Sender Encode Receiver Points of Contact The Communication Model

Frame of Reference • • Age Gender Ethnicity Environment Culture Family Values Beliefs • • Education Experiences Interests Dislikes Prejudices Self-Perceptions Personal Expectations

Messages & Context Messages • Feedforward • Feedback • Meanings Channels Visual & Auditory Tactile & Chemical • • Context Setting / Situation Timing Cultural Rules Relationships between communicators

Noise Internal External Physiological Environmental (Auditory and Visual) Psychological

7 Principles of Communication 1. Communication is a process of adjustment 2. Communication is a Package of Messages 3. Communication is Ambiguous (Messages can have multiple meanings)

7 Principles of Communication 4. Communication Involves content and relational dimensions 5. Communication is punctuated (Organized into stimuli/response) 6. Communication is Purposeful 7. Communication is Inevitable, Irreversible, and Unrepeatable

Public Speaking and Audience Diversity • Gender • Ethnicity • Culture

Chapter 2 Overview of the Speechmaking Process

Consider Your Audience • Needs • Attitudes • Beliefs • Values • Other Characteristics

Select and Narrow Your Topic • Who is the audience? • What is the occasion? • What are my interests, talents, experiences?

Determine Your Purpose • To Inform – Teach – Define – Illustrate – Clarify • To Persuade • To Entertain

Develop Your Central Idea • Does it have logical divisions? • Reasons idea is true? • Can you support with series of steps?

Gathering Verbal/Visual Supporting Material • • • Facts Examples Definitions Quotations Relate Material to Listeners’ Lives

Organize Your Speech • Central Idea • Introduction • Body • Conclusion • Outlining

Rehearse Your Speech • Practice Out Loud • Practice Eye Contact • Decide On Style

Deliver Your Speech • Assess Audience • Use Effective Eye Contact • Concentrate on Message and Audience • Use Conversational Style

Chapter 3 Credibility, Ethics and Public Speaking

Aristotle’s Persuasive Appeals • Ethos - Speaker Credibility • Pathos - Message Tone • Logos - Message Logic / Reasoning • Mythos - Implied / Symbolic Meaning

Credibility Defined: The Audience’s Perception of Whether a Speaker Is Qualified to Speak on a Given Topic. Two Main Factors: Competence and Character

Competence How the Audience Regards the Speaker’s: • Intelligence • Expertise • Subject Knowledge Character How the Audience Regards the Speaker’s: • Sincerity • Trustworthiness • Concern for the Audience

Types of Credibility • Initial - before the presentation (past knowledge and first impressions) • Derived - Developed during the speech delivery • Terminal - What is thought after the speech is completed

Credibility Is Significantly Affected by Delivery • Rate of Speech • Dialect/Accent and Inflection Patterns • Use of Language • Use of Vocalized Pauses and Fillers • Use of Body Language and Appearance

Ways to Build Credibility Before, During, and After the Speech, Project the Qualities of: • Competence • Concern • Trustworthiness • Dynamism

Ethics Defined: The branch of philosophy that deals with issues of right and wrong in human affairs Ethical Decisions: Involve weighing a potential action against a set of ethical standards or guidelines.

Speakers Make Ethical Decisions When: • Selecting a Topic • Researching the Speech • Organizing the Message • Delivering the Speech

The First Amendment to the U. S. Constitution I. Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.

Ethical Speaking Guidelines 1. Develop a Clear, Responsible Goal 2. Use Sound Evidence and Reasoning 3. Demonstrate Sensitivity to and Tolerance of Differences 4. Speak Honestly 5. Avoid Plagiarism 6. Follow the Guidelines for Ethical Listening

Ethical Listening • Communicate Your Expectation and Provide Feedback • Be Sensitive To and Tolerant Of Differences • Listen Critically • Hold The Speaker To His or Her Ethical Responsibilities

Three Types of Plagiarism • Global - Stealing an Entire Message and Claiming It As Your Own • Patchwork - Taking Ideas From Two or Three Sources and Not Crediting the Source • Incremental - Failing to Give Credit for Particular Parts of a Message (Quotations, Paraphrases, Statistics, Etc. )

Protect Yourself from Committing Accidental Plagiarism • Be Careful When Taking Research Notes – Distinguish Between: • Direct Quotations • Paraphrased Material • Your Own Ideas • When in Doubt, Always Cite Your Source

Chapter 4 Improving Your Confidence

Reasons for Being Nervous 1. Fear of Being Stared At 2. Fear of Failure 3. Fear of Rejection 4. Fear of the Unknown

Understanding Speaking Apprehension 1. Realize That Some Apprehension Is Normal 2. Understand the Type of Apprehension You Are Experiencing Apprehension Can Be Based On: a. Context - Type of Communication b. Audience - Reaction to Receiver(s) c. Situation - Timing or Level of Preparation d. Personality – Trait-like Characteristics

Causes of Apprehension Influences • Heredity (Communibiology) • Modeling • Childhood Reinforcement • Expectancy Learning Situational Elements • Novelty • Formality • Status • Unfamiliarity • Degree of Attention from Others

Reactions to Apprehension • Physiological Reactions – Fight or Flight – Adrenaline Rush • Behavioral Reactions – Avoidance and Excuse-making • Psychological Reactions – Feelings of Failure Before the Event – Hyper Awareness – Loss of Concentration

Understanding Your Apprehension Using the Personal Report of Communication Apprehension PRCA-24

The PRCA-24 Sub-Scores Low Moderate High 6 15 -18 Mean St. Deviation Group 15. 4 Meeting 16. 4 Interpersonal 14. 5 Public Speaking 19. 3 30 4. 8 4. 2 5. 1

The PRCA-24 Overall: Trait-like CA Low 24 Moderate 50 Overall Score High 65 80 120 Mean 65. 6 St. Deviation 15. 3

Coping Strategies (Treatments) • • Cognitive Restructuring Visualization Systematic Desensitization Rhetoritherapy (Skills Training) Physical Exercises Breathing / Stretching / Isometric

Guidelines for Controlling Nervousness 1. Put Fear Into Perspective • • Accept some fear as normal Analyze the cause of the fear 2. Build Confidence with Preparation and Practice 3. Use Positive Self-Suggestion to Combat Anxiety

Building Your Confidence • • • Know Audience Be Prepared Select Appropriate Topic Recreate Environment Know Introduction And Conclusion

Building Your Confidence • • • Visualize Success Use Deep-breathing Focus On Message Mental Pep Talk Channel Energy Seek Opportunities