Unit 1 Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology

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Unit 1 Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology

Unit 1 Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology

Unit 1 Goals 1. 1 Distinguish between anatomy & physiology 1. 2 Identify the

Unit 1 Goals 1. 1 Distinguish between anatomy & physiology 1. 2 Identify the directional terms and body planes 1. 3 Describe the tasks required by humans to maintain life 1. 4 Describe the organizational levels of the body from cells to the organism 1. 5 Identify the major body cavities and the organs contained in each 1. 6 Define homeostasis and describe its importance to survival 1. 7 Differentiate between negative and positive feedback mechanisms and how they aid homeostasis 1. 8 Describe the 3 rules of anatomy, to be applied to later units 1. 9 Apply basic directional terminology to anatomy in writing and discussion 1 -2

Copyright The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Anatomy and

Copyright The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Anatomy and Physiology ANATOMY deals with the structure (morphology) of the body and its parts, in other words, what are things called? PHYSIOLOGY studies the functions of these parts or asks the question, “how do they work? ” The two disciplines are closely interrelated because the functional role of a part depends on how it is constructed. 1 -3

Copyright The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Introduction The

Copyright The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Introduction The early students of anatomy and physiology were most likely concerned with treating illnesses and injuries. Early healers relied on superstitions and magic. Later, herbs were used to treat certain ailments. Eventually, after much controversy, the study of medicine with standardized terms in Greek and Latin began. 1 -4

Copyright The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Characteristics of

Copyright The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Characteristics of Life Fundamental characteristics of life are traits shared by all organisms. Characteristics of life include: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Movement Responsiveness Growth Reproduction Respiration 1 -5

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Copyright The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Digestion Absorption Circulation Assimilation Excretion The total of all the chemical reactions that are continuously at work to maintain these characteristics constitutes METABOLISM. 1 -6

Copyright The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Rule #1

Copyright The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Rule #1 of Anatomy & Physiology: STRUCTURE RELATES TO FUNCTION---ALWAYS! 1 -7

Copyright The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Requirements of

Copyright The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Requirements of Organisms Life depends on the availability of the following: a. b. c. d. e. Water Food Oxygen Heat Pressure Both the quality and quantity of these factors are important. 1 -8

Rule #2 of Anatomy & Physiology: THE BODY’S JOB IS TO MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS —ALWAYS!

Rule #2 of Anatomy & Physiology: THE BODY’S JOB IS TO MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS —ALWAYS! 1 -9

Copyright The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Homeostasis Maintenance

Copyright The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Homeostasis Maintenance of a stable internal environment is called HOMESTASIS. Homeostasis is regulated through control systems that have receptors, a set point, and effectors in common. Examples include: l Homeostatic mechanisms regulate body temperature in a manner similar to the functioning of a home heating thermostat. 1 - 10

Copyright The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Many of

Copyright The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Many of the body's homeostatic controls are NEGATIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISMS. Each individual uses homeostatic mechanisms to keep body levels within a normal range Normal ranges can vary from one individual to the next. 1 - 11

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Copyright The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Levels of Organization 1 - 12

Rule #3 of Anatomy & Physiology: EVERY ACTIVITY/ACTION THAT THE BODY PERFORMS OCCURS FIRST

Rule #3 of Anatomy & Physiology: EVERY ACTIVITY/ACTION THAT THE BODY PERFORMS OCCURS FIRST AT THE CELLULAR LEVEL! 1 - 13

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Copyright The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Organization of the Human Body The human body is organized into cavities, membranes, and organ systems. 1 - 14

Body Cavities 1 - 15

Body Cavities 1 - 15

Copyright The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. a. The

Copyright The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. a. The DORSAL cavity can be divided into the cranial cavity and vertebral canal. I. Smaller cavities within the cranium include the oral cavity, nasal cavity, orbital cavities, and middle ear cavities. b. The VENTRAL cavity is made up of a thoracic cavity and an abdominopelvic cavity, separated by the diaphragm. 1 - 16

Divisions of Ventral Cavities 1 - 17

Divisions of Ventral Cavities 1 - 17

Copyright The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Thoracic and

Copyright The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Thoracic and Abdominopelvic Membranes 1. The thoracic cavity is lined with PLEURA; the parietal pleura lines the cavities while the visceral pleura covers the lungs. A thin layer of serous fluid separates the two layers. 2. PERITONEUM lines the abdominopelvic cavity; a parietal peritoneum lines the wall while visceral peritoneum covers the organs. 1 - 18

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Copyright The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Organ Systems Body Covering a. The integumentary system, including skin, hair, nails, and various glands, covers the body, senses changes outside the body, and helps regulate body temperature. 1 - 19

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Copyright The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Support and Movement a. The skeletal system is made up of bones and ligaments. It supports, protects, provides frameworks, stores inorganic salts, and houses blood-forming tissues. b. The muscular system consists of the muscles that provide body movement, posture, and body heat. 1 - 20

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Copyright The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Integration and Coordination a. The nervous system consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sense organs. It integrates incoming information from receptors and sends impulses to muscles and glands. b. The endocrine system, including all of the glands that secrete hormones, helps to integrate metabolic functions. 1 - 21

Copyright The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Transport a.

Copyright The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Transport a. The cardiovascular system, made up of the heart and blood vessels, distributes oxygen and nutrients throughout the body while removing wastes from the cells. b. The lymphatic system, consisting of lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus, and spleen, drains excess tissue fluid and includes cells of immunity. 1 - 22

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Copyright The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Absorption and Excretion a. The digestive system is made up of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and accessory organs. It receives, breaks down, and absorbs nutrients. b. The respiratory system exchanges gases between the blood and air and is made up of the lungs and passageways. c. The urinary system, consisting of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra, removes wastes from the blood and helps to maintain water and electrolyte balance. 1 - 23

Copyright The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Reproduction a.

Copyright The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Reproduction a. The reproductive system produces new organisms. i. The male reproductive system consists of the testes, accessory organs, and vessels that conduct sperm to the penis. ii. The female reproductive system consists of ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, and external genitalia. The female reproductive system also houses the developing offspring. 1 - 24

Copyright The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Anatomical Terminology

Copyright The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Anatomical Terminology Terms of relative position are used to describe the location of a part relative to another part—ALWAYS ASSUMES BODY IS IN THE ANATOMICAL POSITION! Anatomical Position: l l Standing erect, faced forward Arms at sides—palms forward 1 - 25

Anatomical Terms • Superior/inferior • Distal/proximal • Anterior/posterior • Right/left • Ventral/dorsal • Deep/superficial

Anatomical Terms • Superior/inferior • Distal/proximal • Anterior/posterior • Right/left • Ventral/dorsal • Deep/superficial • Medial/lateral • Caudal/cephalic 1 - 26

Copyright The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Body Sections

Copyright The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Body Sections 1. A SAGITTAL section divides the body into right and left portions. 2. A TRANSVERSE section divides the body into superior and inferior portions. It is often called a “cross section”. 3. A CORONAL section divides the body into anterior and posterior sections. 1 - 27

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Copyright The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1 - 28

Copyright The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Body Regions

Copyright The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Body Regions 1. The abdominal area can be divided into nine regions or 4 quadrants (see handout). 1 - 29