Unit 1 Grammar Form Function Level 3 Form

Unit 1 Grammar Form & Function Level 3

Form [= grammar structure] Example 1. Affirmative Sentence **(Subject) + (Base verb) or (Subject) + (Base verb + “-s” or “-es”) I like football. He likes football. 1. Negative Sentence **(Subject) + (“do not” or “does not”) + (Base verb) We don’t like tennis. Tom doesn’t like baseball. 2. Yes/No Questions **(“do” or “does”) + (Subject) + (Base verb) Do you like soccer? Does Sue like tennis? 2. Short Answers to Yes/No Questions **(Pronoun Subject) + (“do/don’t” or (“does/doesn’t”) Yes, I do. / No, I don’t. Yes, she does. / No, she doesn’t. 3. Wh- Questions a. **(Wh- word as Subject) + (Base Verb) b. **(Wh- word is not Subject) + (“do” or “does”) + (Subject) + (Base Verb) a. Who wants to play basketball? b. Why do you like basketball What does the catcher do in baseball?

Form [= grammar structure] Example 4. Affirmative Sentence **(Subject) + (Present form of “be”) + (Base verb + “-ing”) I am studying very hard. The players are trying to score. He is running across the street. 4. Negative Sentence **(Subject) + (Present form of “be”) + (not) + (Base verb + “-ing”) They aren’t succeeding. 5. Yes/No Questions **(Present form of “be”) + (Subject) + (Base verb + “-ing”) Is our team winning? Are you enjoying the game? 5. Short Answers to Yes/No Questions **(Pronoun Subject) + (Present form of “be”) + (“not”) Yes, it is. / No, it isn’t. Yes, I am. / No, I’m not. 6. Wh- Questions a. **(Wh- word as Subject) + (Present form of “be”) + (Base verb + “-ing”) b. **(Wh- word is not Subject) + a. Who is winning? b. Why is that player running now?

Function [=reason to use] Example a. Describe repeated actions or habits I get up at seven every morning. b. Talk about things that are always or generally true The sun sets in the west. c. Describe a permanent situation or a condition with no definite start or finish and that is true now. They live in Mexico City. d. With adverbs of frequency --IF verb is a form of “be, ” the adverb goes after the verb. --IF the verb is not “be, ” the adverb goes in front of the verb. e. With time expressions of habit --Put at the beginning of sentence [use a comma after the time expression] --Put at the end of the sentence --They are seldom late. --She often studies in the library. On weekends, we eat late. I go to school everyday. **We also talk about the future using the present and present progressive sometimes.

Function [=reason to use] Example a. Talk about something which is in progress at the moment of speaking I is raining right now. b. Talk about something which is in progress around the present, but not exactly at the time of speaking Tony is looking for a new job these days. c. Talk about situations that are changing, developing, or are temporary Computers are becoming more and more important. d. With adverbs such as “always” or “constantly” to show complaints or annoyance. He is always calling me late at night. e. With time expressions such as “now, ” “at the moment, ” “at present, ” “these days, ” “today, ” and “nowadays. ” I’m writing an email message right now. These days, I’m using email to keep in touch with friends. **We also talk about the future using the present and present progressive sometimes.

Form [= grammar structure] Example 1. Verbs of senses and perception Do you smell the coffee? Ø Are you smelling this coffee? 2. Verbs of mental states I remember him. Ø I am remembering when I met him. 3. Verbs of possession My boss owns this building. Ø My boss is owning this building. 4. Verbs of feeling or emotion I love chocolate. Ø I am loving chocolate. 5. Verbs of measurement This watch is nice, but it costs too much. Ø This watch is costing too much. 6. Other verbs that express states You seem sad today. Ø You are being sad today.

Stative Verbs Action Verbs a. Stative verbs describe a state a. Action verbs describe an action --A state means that something --An action means that something is happens. a certain way and stays the same. *I am reading. *The school is big. *She is sitting in that chair. *We own our apartment. b. Stative verbs cannot be in the progressive form *We have two dogs. Ø We are having two dogs. b. Action verbs can be in the progressive form *I read a book every week. *This week, I am reading my text.

Verb Stative Meaning Active Meaning appear She appears happy. [appears = seems] She is appearing in a new movie. [is appearing = is starring in] smell The milk smells strange. [smells strange = has a strange smell] He is smelling the milk. [is smelling = is sniffing] taste This food tastes delicious. [tastes delicious = has a delicious taste] She is tasting the food. . [is tasting= checking to see if she likes it] think I think it is a good idea. [think = believe] I am thinking about the problem. [am thinking = am considering] **“be” + an adjective usually expresses a stative meaning [She is tall. ] When used with the progressive, it has a temporary meaning. Then the adjective must describe a behavior the subject can control. --He is polite. [“polite” is his character and it is permanent] --He is being polite because his father is here. [“polite” is a behavior and it is temporary since it will change when his father leaves]

Form [= grammar structure] Example 4. Affirmative Sentence **(Subject) + (Present form of “have”) + (Past participle) I’ve played tennis for many years. 4. Negative Sentence Our team hasn’t won any games. **(Subject) + (Present form of “have”) + (not) + (Past participle) 5. Yes/No Questions **(Present form of “have”) + (Subject) + (Past participle) Have you ever played soccer? 5. Short Answers to Yes/No Questions **(Pronoun Subject) + (Present form of “have”) + (“not”) Yes, I have. / No, I haven’t. 6. Wh- Questions a. **(Wh- word as Subject) + (Present form of “have”) + (Past participle) b. **(Wh- word is not Subject) + (Present form of “have”) + (Subject) + a. Who has won the most games? b. How many games have they won?

Form [= grammar structure] Example 4. Affirmative Sentence **(Subject) + (Present form of “have”) + (“been”) + (Base verb + “-ing”) They have been practicing all Morning, so they are tired. She has been studying. 4. Negative Sentence She hasn’t been playing **(Subject) + (Present form of “have”) + (not) basketball very long. + (“been”) + (Base verb + “-ing”) 5. Yes/No Questions **(“have” or “has”) + (Subject) + (“been”) (Base verb + “-ing”) Have they been winning a lot of games? 5. Short Answers to Yes/No Questions **(Pronoun Subject) + (“have” or “has”) + (“not”) Yes, they have. No, they haven’t. 6. Wh- Questions a. **(Wh- word as Subject) + (Present form a. Who has been scoring the of most goals? “have”) + (“been”) + (Base verb + “-ing”) b. Why have they been losing b. **(Wh- word is not Subject) + so much? (Present form of “have”) + (Subject) +

Function [=reason to use] Example a. Talk about something that started in the past and continues to the present. I have been here for 30 minutes. b. Talk about a completed action that has an importance in the present. She has done her homework. c. Talk about what has been achieved in a period of time. He has written three letters this morning. d. Describe a situation that is more permanent and continues into the present. She has always worked there.

Function [=reason to use] Example a. Emphasize the continuation of an action that started in the past and continues. I have been waiting for your call morning. b. Talk about an action that may or may not be completed. She has been doing her homework. c. Talk about how long something has been in progress. He has been writing all morning. d. Describe a situation that is more temporary and continues into the present. She has been working here for a couple of weeks. e. Talk about evidence in the present that shows an action was happening in the recent past. A: What smells so good? B: Oh, I’ve been making cookies.

Function [=reason to use] Example a. Can use either with action verbs b. Cannot use present perfect progressive with stative verbs We’ve finished our work. We’ve been finishing our work. c. Often use “for” or “since” with either --”For” = length of time --”Since” = a specific time or date I have been waiting for an hour. I have been waiting since 6 pm. d. Certain Verbs: Work, play, live, study, teach, stay, feel, compete, practice, and wear can be used with either We have lived here for 15 years. We have been living here for 15 years. e. Adverbs used with present perfect: Ever, never, already, yet, still, just, and so far Ø I’ve been having this car for five years.