UNIT 1 BIOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES Chapter 4 Biochemistry COMPOUNDS

UNIT 1: BIOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES Chapter 4: Biochemistry

COMPOUNDS IMPORTANT TO LIFE • Organic Compounds: Derived from _________________ and contain __________. • Inorganic Compounds: Generally derived from __________. • Water is an ___________ compound.

COMPOUNDS IMPORTANT TO LIFE • Polar Compound: A compound with an _________ charge. • In water, the _________ atoms and _________ atoms bond so that the electrical charge is unevenly distributed. • The area containing _________________ has a slightly ___________________ charge. • Capillarity: The ability to spread through fine pores or to move upward through narrow tubes against the force of _________ due to _____________ between water molecules and molecules of a solid surface. • Cohesion: Uneven electrical charge causes molecules to ______ with one another. This is why water heats up and cools down slowly in comparison with other substances.

COMPOUNDS IMPORTANT TO LIFE • Carbon Compounds: Carbon readily forms _________ covalent bonds with other elements. Most familiar organic compounds are _____, _______, and _________. • Polymers – Compounds consisting of ______________ units. • Monomer – Each unit in a _________ and consists of a _______ molecule. • Macromolecules - _______ polymers.

COMPOUNDS IMPORTANT TO LIFE • Condensation Reaction: _________ link together, often forming ___________. Also known as ________________________ (the _________ give off a _________ (H+) ion and a ____________ (OH-) ion, which in turn combine to produce a ____________ molecule). • Hydrolysis: Break down of some __________ into _________. A water molecule splits into a ___________ ion and a ____________ ion. The ions then each combine with one of the ______________.

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS • Carbohydrates: Organic compounds composed of ________, ___________, and __________ in a ratio of _______ hydrogen atoms to _____ oxygen atom. • Monosaccharides – Simple _______, contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of _______ to _________. • Glucose • Fructose • Galactose • Disaccharides – Two ______________ combine in a condensation reaction forming a double ________. • Sucrose • Lactose • Polysaccharides – Complex molecule composed of ______ or more monosaccharides. • Glycogen • Starch • Cellulose

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS • Lipids: A ______ compound made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. • Fatty Acids: The ________ that make up most lipids…composed of a long, straight ____________ chain with a ________ group (COOH) attached at one end. • Hydrophilic – “Water-_______”. Polar COOH is attracted to polar water. • Hydrophobic – “Water-________”. Hydrocarbon end repels water because it is _____ polar.

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS • Triglycerides – Composed of _____ molecules of fatty acids joined to ______ molecule of glycerol. • Oils • Fats • Wax – Consists of a long fatty acid chain joined to a long ________ chain. • Steroid – Composed of ______ carbon rings. They do not dissolve in water, which makes them _________.

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS • Proteins: Organic compounds composed mainly of _________________, and __________. The monomers are _______________. • Amino Acids composed of a ________ group, __________________ group, and ______ group. • Dipeptide – ______ amino acids bond together. • Peptide Bond – A ________ bond between a ________ atom and a _________ atom. • Polypeptide - A _______ chain of amino acids. Proteins are composed of ______ or more polypeptides.

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS • Enzymes – Proteins that act as ___________ (substances that speed up chemical reactions without being affected by the reactions themselves) in intermediary metabolism. An enzyme _______ a chemical reaction by _________ the activation energy. • Substrate – Shape of a particular __________ allows the enzyme to hook up with a specific __________. The substrate is the ________ in a chemical reaction that is __________ by the enzyme.

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS • Nucleic Acids: Complex organic molecules that store important ___________ in the cell. • DNA • RNA – stores and transfers information that is essential for the _____________ of proteins. • Nucleotides – The _________ of nucleic acids. Three main components… • Phosphate Group • Five-Carbon Sugar • Nitrogen Base