Unit 1 An Introduction to Studying the Human

Unit 1 An Introduction to Studying the Human Body

What is the difference between Anatomy and Physiology? ❖ Anatomy - the study of the structure of body parts ➢ Gross (macroscopic) ➢ Microscopic ➢ Developmental ❖ Physiology - the study of the function of the body parts ❖ The structure determines the function.

Characteristics of Living Things 1. Movement 2. Responsiveness 3. Growth 4. Reproduction 5. Respiration 6. Digestion 7. Absorption 8. Circulation 9. Assimilation 10. Excretion

Environmental Requirements ❖ Water ➢ Solvent for reactions, transport, temperature regulation ❖ Food ➢ Building material, energy, enzymes ❖ Oxygen ➢ Release energy from foods ❖ Heat ➢ Regulates speed of metabolism/reactions ❖ Pressure ➢ Force needed for breathing and blood circuation

Levels of Structural Organization ❖ Chemical ❖ Cellular ❖ Tissue ❖ Organ System ❖ Organismal

Systemic v. Regional Anatomy ❖ Systematic - study of anatomy by system ❖ Regional - study of anatomy by region

The Integumentary System ❖ Forms external body covering ❖ Protects deeper tissues from injury ❖ Synthesizes Vitamin D ❖ Site of cutaneous receptors (pain, pressure, etc. ) and sweat and oil glands. ❖ Major Organs ➢ Skin, hair, sweat glands, nails

The Skeletal System ❖ Protects and supports body organs ❖ Provides a framework for muscles ❖ Blood cells formed within bones ❖ Stores minerals ❖ Major Organs ➢ Bones, cartilages, ligaments, bone marrow

The Muscular System ❖ Allows manipulation of environment ❖ Locomotion ❖ Facial expression ❖ Maintains posture ❖ Produces heat ❖ Major Organs ➢ Skeletal muscles, tendons

The Nervous System ❖ Fast-acting control system ❖ Responds to internal and external changes ❖ Major Organs ➢ Brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, sense organs

The Endocrine System ❖ Glands secrete hormones that regulate: ➢ Growth ➢ Reproduction ➢ Nutrient use ❖ Major Organs ➢ Pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal glands, gonads

The Cardiovascular System ❖ Blood vessels transport blood ❖ Carries oxygen and carbon dioxide ❖ Also carries nutrients and wastes ❖ Heart pumps blood through blood vessels ❖ Major Organs ➢ Heart, blood vessels

The Lymphatic System ❖ Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels ❖ Dispose of debris in the lymphatic system ❖ Houses white blood cells (lymphocytes) ❖ Mounts attack against foreign substances in the body ❖ Major Organs ➢ Spleen, thymus, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, tonsils

The Respiratory System ❖ ❖ Keeps blood supplied with oxygen Removes carbon dioxide Gas exchange occurs through walls of air sacs in the lungs Major Organs ➢ Nasal cavities ➢ Sinuses ➢ Larynx ➢ Trachea ➢ Bronchi ➢ Lungs ➢ alveoli

The Digestive System ❖ Breaks down food into absorbable units ❖ Indigestible foodstuff eliminated as feces ❖ Major Organs ➢ ➢ ➢ ➢ ➢ Teeth Tongue Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Large and small intestines Liver Gallbladder pancreas

The Urinary System ❖ Eliminates nitrogenous wastes ❖ Regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance ❖ Major Organs ➢ Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

The Reproductive System ❖ Overall function is to produce offspring ❖ Major Organs (M) ➢ Testes, epididymis, ductus deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, penis, scrotum ❖ Major Organs (F) ➢ Ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, labia, clitoris, mammary glands

❖ Body erect ❖ Feet slightly apart ❖ Palms facing forward ❖ Thumbs point away from body

Gross Anatomy - An Introduction ❖ Regional Terms - names of specific body areas ➢ Axial region - the main axis of the body ➢ Appendicular region - the limbs ❖ Directional terminology ➢ Refers to the body in anatomical position ➢ Standardized terms of directions

Regional Terms

From the movie “Thirteen Ghosts” What kind of cut is this? A really sharp pane of glass fell on this unfortunate character.

What kind of cut is this?

Body Cavities and Membranes ❖ Dorsal Body Cavity ➢ Cavity subdivided into the cranial cavity and the vertebral cavity. ➢ Cranial cavity houses the brain. ➢ Vertebral cavity runs through the vertebral column and encloses the spinal cord.

Body Cavities and Membranes ❖ Ventral Body Cavity ➢ Houses the internal organs (viscera) ➢ Divided into 2 categories: ■ Thoracic ■ Abdominopelvic

Body Cavities and Membranes ❖ Thoracic cavity ➢ Pleural cavity - each houses a lung ➢ Mediastinum - contains the pericardial cavity and surrounds the remaining thoracic cavity ➢ Pericardial cavity - encloses the heart ❖ Abdominopelvic cavity ➢ Abdominal cavity - contains the stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, and other organs ➢ Pelvic cavity - lies within the pelvis and contains the bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum

Other Body Cavities ❖ Oral cavity ❖ Nasal cavity ❖ Orbital cavity ❖ Middle ear cavity ❖ Synovial cavity

Abdominal Regions and Quadrants