UNIMPORTABLE 817 EE 11 E 4 00 8279

• UNIMPORTABLE: • #817 EE 11 E, 4. 00 • #8279 AE 55, 2. 00 • #834 C 955 A, 4. 00 • #83 CA 7831, 4. 00 • #841 D 4 BD 2, 4. 00 Lecture 7 Purdue University, Physics 220 1

PHYSICS 220 Lecture 07 Circular Motion Lecture 7 Purdue University, Physics 220 2

Examples of Circular Motion Lecture 7 Purdue University, Physics 220 3

Uniform Circular Motion • Assume constant speed • The direction of the velocity is continually changing – The vector is always tangent to the circle • Uniform circular motion assumes constant speed period of the motion: T = 2 r/v [s]

Angular Variables • The motion of objects moving in circular (or nearly circular) paths, is often described by angles measured in radians rather than degrees. • The angle in radians, is defined as: • If s = r the angle is 1 rad • If s = 2 r (the circumference of the circle) the angle is 2 rad. (In other words, 360° = 2 rad. ) Lecture 7 Purdue University, Physics 220 5

Circular Motion • Period = 1/frequency T = 1/f Time to complete 1 revolution • Angular displacement D = 2 - 1 How far it has rotated • Angular velocity av = D /Dt How fast it is rotating Units: radians/second (2 = 1 revolution) = 2 / T Lecture 7 Purdue University, Physics 220 6

Circular to Linear • Displacement Ds = r D ( in radians) • Speed |v| = |Ds/Dt| = r |D /Dt| = r| |v| = 2 rf |v| = 2 r/T • Direction of v is tangent to circle Lecture 7 Purdue University, Physics 220 7

Examples • The wheel of a car has a radius of 0. 29 m and is being rotated at 830 revolution per minute (rpm) on a tirebalancing machine. Determine the speed (in m/s) at which the outer edge of the wheel is moving: The speed could be obtained by |v| = 2 r/T • A CD spins with an angular velocity 20 radians/second. What is the linear speed 6 cm from the center of the CD? v = r = 0. 06 20 = 1. 2 m/s Lecture 7 Purdue University, Physics 220 8

i. Clicker Bonnie sits on the outer rim of a merry-go-round with radius 3 meters, and Klyde sits midway between the center and the rim. The merry-go-round makes one complete revolution every two seconds. Klyde Bonnie Klyde’s speed is: A) the same as Bonnie’s B) twice Bonnie’s C) half Bonnie’s Bonnie travels 2 R in 2 seconds v. B = 2 R / 2 = 9. 42 m/s Klyde travels 2 (R/2) in 2 seconds v. K = 2 (R/2) / 2 = 4. 71 m/s Lecture 7 Purdue University, Physics 220 9

Centripetal Acceleration • Magnitude of the velocity vector is constant, but direction is constantly changing • At any instant of time, the direction of the instantaneous velocity is tangent to the path • Therefore: nonzero acceleration Lecture 7 Purdue University, Physics 220 10

Uniform Circular Motion Circular motion with constant speed R a v Recall: v= R centripetal acceleration • Instantaneous velocity is tangent to circle • Instantaneous acceleration is radially inward • There must be a force to provide the acceleration Lecture 7 Purdue University, Physics 220 11

Circular Motion A ball is going around in a circle attached to a string. If the string breaks at the instant shown, which path will the ball follow? 2 1 3 4 v 5 Answer: 2 Lecture 7 Purdue University, Physics 220 12

Artificial Gravity Lecture 7 Purdue University, Physics 220 13

Roller Coaster Example What is the minimum speed you must have at the top of a 20 meter diameter roller coaster loop, to keep the wheels on the track. y-direction: F = ma N + mg = m a N y Let N = 0, just touching mg = m a mg = m v 2/R g = v 2 / R v = sqrt(g*R) = 10 m/s Lecture 7 mg Purdue University, Physics 220 14

Unbanked Curve What force accelerates a car around a turn on a level road at constant speed? A) it is not accelerating B) the road on the tires C) the tires on the road D) the engine on the tires Lecture 7 Purdue University, Physics 220 15

Unbanked Curve What is the maximum velocity a car can go around an unbanked curve in a circle without slipping? The maximum velocity to go around an unbanked curve depends only on s (for a given r) Dry road: s=0. 9 Icy road: s=0. 1 Lecture 7 Purdue University, Physics 220 16

Banked Curve A car drives around a curve with radius 410 m at a speed of 32 m/s. The road is banked at 5. 0°. The mass of the car is 1400 kg. A) What is the frictional force on the car? B) At what speed could you drive around this curve so that the force of friction is zero? Lecture 7 Purdue University, Physics 220 17

Banked Curve y x y-direction (1) N x-direction (2) Lecture 7 Purdue University, Physics 220 W f 18

Banked Curve 2 equations and 2 unknown we can solve for N in (1) and substitute in (2) Lecture 7 Purdue University, Physics 220 19

Banked Curve A car drives around a curve with radius 410 m at a speed of 32 m/s. The road is banked at 5. 0°. The mass of the car is 1400 kg. A) What is the frictional force on the car? B) At what speed could you drive around this curve so that the force of friction is zero? Lecture 7 Purdue University, Physics 220 20

i. Clicker Suppose you are driving through a valley whose bottom has a circular shape. If your mass is m, what is the magnitude of the normal force N exerted on you by the car seat as you drive past the bottom of the hill. A) N < mg B) N = mg C) N > mg a=v 2/R R correct Since there is centripetal acceleration, the normal force is greater than simply mg N v SF = ma mg N - mg = mv 2/R N = mg + mv 2/R Lecture 7 Purdue University, Physics 220 21