Unification of Italy Germany Ideologies of Change Europe

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Unification of Italy & Germany Ideologies of Change: Europe 1815 -1914

Unification of Italy & Germany Ideologies of Change: Europe 1815 -1914

Creation of Italy and Germany Revolutions reverberated throughout Western Europe: - Failures did not

Creation of Italy and Germany Revolutions reverberated throughout Western Europe: - Failures did not diminish impact: ‘To what extent was urban middle class and some working/peasant class ready to rally to a Strong National State – even an essentially Conservatist one? ’ [paraphrasing Text 728]

Meaning of ‘Nationalism’ Significance: Nationalist = Strong - Nationalism being associated by peoples of

Meaning of ‘Nationalism’ Significance: Nationalist = Strong - Nationalism being associated by peoples of all classes to idea of ‘strong state’ - 1850 s – 1860 s: ‘Great political question’ : how will this play out ? [text 728] - Implies both: ‘how will states’ exploit this growing popular impression and ‘how will people’ respond?

Italy Congress of Vienna: 1814 -15| ITALY: “ A Geographical Expression” (Metternich) - North:

Italy Congress of Vienna: 1814 -15| ITALY: “ A Geographical Expression” (Metternich) - North: rich, industrializing provinces under Austria’s control - West Piedmont + Island of Sardinia: Kingdom - Tuscany/Central: huge region, included former Mediterranten commercial capital, Florence

Italy - “Papal States” (central): autonomous - South: Kingdom of two Sicilies (one island,

Italy - “Papal States” (central): autonomous - South: Kingdom of two Sicilies (one island, one mainland) Various ‘talk’ of Unification with no focus over early 19 th century

Italy 1848: new political impetus - Giuseppe Mazzini: demanding ‘democracy’, led uprising - immediately

Italy 1848: new political impetus - Giuseppe Mazzini: demanding ‘democracy’, led uprising - immediately crushed by Austria Response - Pope Fled Rome - King of Sardinia: allowed for some reforms ‘under duress’

Italy Sardinia vs ‘the North’: - Sardinia led by Aristocrat Count Cavour - Sympathzised

Italy Sardinia vs ‘the North’: - Sardinia led by Aristocrat Count Cavour - Sympathzised with conservative middle-class interests: hope to ‘use them’ to expandsardinia’s influence - Strategic political thinker: exploited rivalry between Austria (occupier of north) and France - Provoked short-lived war which did not accomplish his goals: resigned from political position

Count ‘Camille Benso’Cavour (1810 -1861) First Prime Minister Italy March – June 1861

Count ‘Camille Benso’Cavour (1810 -1861) First Prime Minister Italy March – June 1861

Italy Strategy Provoked War/Austrian Occupation in North: - Incited Central Regions, especially urban centres,

Italy Strategy Provoked War/Austrian Occupation in North: - Incited Central Regions, especially urban centres, to rebel - First wide-spread protest - Leaders demanded ‘unification’ with Sardinia Successful: ironically, Cavour’s initial goals achieved through actions popular protest Central Italy – returned to power

Italy Leaving “The Sicilies”: - Island Mainland regions under the a Bourbon family remained

Italy Leaving “The Sicilies”: - Island Mainland regions under the a Bourbon family remained outside the fray - Cavour and Austria were concerned with the north and central regions: the ‘Sicilies’ were largely overlookeed

Italy Giuseppe Garibaldi [Text p. 730] - Described as a Romantic, a Radical, a

Italy Giuseppe Garibaldi [Text p. 730] - Described as a Romantic, a Radical, a Revolutionary - Poor sailor’s son, he naturally moved into the military - Engaged in several successful battles against Austria - Catapulted to positon of political visibilty

Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807 -1882) [Photo 1861]

Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807 -1882) [Photo 1861]

Italy Envisaged a united Kingdom of Sicily: - Appealed to peasantry: generated rebellion -

Italy Envisaged a united Kingdom of Sicily: - Appealed to peasantry: generated rebellion - Successful in taking Palermo, moving to mainland - Goal: Papal States and Rome

Italy Count Cavour: - Said to have supported Garibaldi: but goals very different -

Italy Count Cavour: - Said to have supported Garibaldi: but goals very different - Sent his own forces to Papal States: occupied all but Rome itself - “intercepted” Garibaldi: allowed him victory in Naples but denied him autonomy for Sicily

Italy “Parliamentary Monarchy”: - Same form government as seen elsewhere: King Sardinia now ‘King’

Italy “Parliamentary Monarchy”: - Same form government as seen elsewhere: King Sardinia now ‘King’ of Italy (except for Rome and Venice) - “neither Radical, as Garibaldi hoped, nor truly Democratic” [Text] - Small minority males could vote: ‘propertied’ elite - Most of middle class as disenfranchised as workers

Italy Watch animated ‘map’: Unification of Italy 1829 -1871 [https: //commons. wikimedia. org/wiki/File: Italianunification.

Italy Watch animated ‘map’: Unification of Italy 1829 -1871 [https: //commons. wikimedia. org/wiki/File: Italianunification. gif]

Italy Most Significant: regional economies - North: industrializing (Milan, Turin), growing prosperous middle/business class

Italy Most Significant: regional economies - North: industrializing (Milan, Turin), growing prosperous middle/business class - South: agrarian, stagnant – increasingly poor economy - Created significant social and cultural differences: North looking to industrialized Europe, especially France more than to southern regions of new ‘unified’ country

Germany German Confederation 1848: - Austria-Prussia: engaged in ‘balancing act’ – curbing the power

Germany German Confederation 1848: - Austria-Prussia: engaged in ‘balancing act’ – curbing the power of the other - Shared same range of conservative, liberal ideas - Critical catalyst: economy more than ideology

Germany Economy: - Industry flourishing across northern regions - 1853: ‘Customs Union’ – facilitating

Germany Economy: - Industry flourishing across northern regions - 1853: ‘Customs Union’ – facilitating movement raw materials, manufactured goods - All states but Austria had joined: Austria not as well situated for industrial growth

Germany “Germany without Austria was becoming an Economic Reality” [Text] before it became a

Germany “Germany without Austria was becoming an Economic Reality” [Text] before it became a political one - Growing industrial economy: equally growing middle class - Sharing ‘business’, laissez-faire values ‘liberalism’ - Increasingly in contrast to Austria’s ‘traditional conservatism’

Germany Political Situation: 1848 - Prussian monarchy: King Wilhelm I - Responded to ‘revolutions’,

Germany Political Situation: 1848 - Prussian monarchy: King Wilhelm I - Responded to ‘revolutions’, rebellions with reforms permitting limited middle-class voice - By late 1850 s, controlled parliament

Germany King was political strategist: - Saw success of Italy vis-à-vis Austria: why not

Germany King was political strategist: - Saw success of Italy vis-à-vis Austria: why not take advantage of moment to launch war? - Problem: ‘war’ was in interests of traditional, conservative elites – not new business oriented middle class - Parliament rejected militaristic budgets

Germany Count Otto von Bismark: - 1862 King appointed Bismark head of New Ministry

Germany Count Otto von Bismark: - 1862 King appointed Bismark head of New Ministry - Used this power to overlook Parliament - Famous speech: “great questions of the day will not be decided by speeches and resolutions…[the tools of democracy and parliament] … but by ‘Blood and Iron’ “ - Return to traditional military power/politics

Count Otto von Bismark 1815 – 1890 First Chancellor of Unified ‘Germany’ 1871 -1890

Count Otto von Bismark 1815 – 1890 First Chancellor of Unified ‘Germany’ 1871 -1890

Germany Political Stand-off: 1862 -1866 - Elections continued to put liberal majorities into Parliament

Germany Political Stand-off: 1862 -1866 - Elections continued to put liberal majorities into Parliament - Bismark continued to ignore Parliament: how? - Played to ‘lower assembly’: representatives elected by universal male vote – interests different from middle class

Bismark’s Nightmare: Visited by ‘Death’ Who is saying “Thank You” [by Honore Daumier, Aug.

Bismark’s Nightmare: Visited by ‘Death’ Who is saying “Thank You” [by Honore Daumier, Aug. 1870]

Germany Bismark followed mandate: war - 1866: attacked Austria - Prussia’s industrialized economy: permitted

Germany Bismark followed mandate: war - 1866: attacked Austria - Prussia’s industrialized economy: permitted investing in modernized, reorganized army - Austria’s army traditional: no match for Prussian strength Defeated quickly: forced out of German Confederation

Germany ‘North German Confederation’ - Bismark dissolved remaining confederation, formed new ‘North German’ grouping

Germany ‘North German Confederation’ - Bismark dissolved remaining confederation, formed new ‘North German’ grouping - Included most northern states of Austrian empire - Led by Prussia

Germany Role of Nationalism: - Political strategy: Bismark had alienated powerful middle -class by

Germany Role of Nationalism: - Political strategy: Bismark had alienated powerful middle -class by ignoring wishes of parliament - Went back and asked for ‘retro-active’ support for budget that had supported war - Parliament could not reject success!

Germany Benefits: - War had been ‘success’ - New constitution brought promise of new

Germany Benefits: - War had been ‘success’ - New constitution brought promise of new economic growth - Middle Class saw interests coincide with rise of ‘strong government’: liberalism found middle ground with conservatism

Germany 1870: war with France - Much historical discussion about Bismark’s ‘editing’ a telegram

Germany 1870: war with France - Much historical discussion about Bismark’s ‘editing’ a telegram to force provoke war - Reality: France concerned about rise of Prussia, new Confederation – sought opportunity to ‘limit’ power - Bad Timing: after victory against Austria, nationalist sentiments ruled Prussian parliament – all classes behind Bismark

Germany Franco-Prussian War: - Same industrial ‘power’ that divided Prussia from Austria had also

Germany Franco-Prussian War: - Same industrial ‘power’ that divided Prussia from Austria had also pushed it ahead of France - Efforts continued to develop economy, urbanize etc but France, military no competition for Prussia - Quick victory: humiliating - Paris: held out for several months, starved into submission

Germany Expansion of ‘confederation’: - Bismark’s military success brought many of southern (former) German

Germany Expansion of ‘confederation’: - Bismark’s military success brought many of southern (former) German Confederation states into new political union - Defeat of France literally marked Birth of Germany - [Text speaks of ‘German Empire’ – raises confusion with creation of overseas empire from 1880 s]

North German Confederation (red). Southern German states joined 1870 to form the German Empire

North German Confederation (red). Southern German states joined 1870 to form the German Empire (orange). Alsace-Lorraine annexed 1871 (tan).

Germany Reflections: - Seeing growing role ‘Nationalism’ in holding together fragile political/ideological coalitions -

Germany Reflections: - Seeing growing role ‘Nationalism’ in holding together fragile political/ideological coalitions - Divergent, often contradictory interests could only be overcome in short term - Political ‘use’ nationalism gave longevity to coalitions

Germany “Rhetoric and Ritual”: - Important aspects of Nationalism (last day) - But what

Germany “Rhetoric and Ritual”: - Important aspects of Nationalism (last day) - But what pushed full support for Bismark and militarism was longer-term vision of economic gain - Not everyone supported [cartoons of Honore Daumier] but minority in 1860 s, 1870 s - Same alliances would also support building of overseas empire 1880 s-1890 s

Germany Bismark and a ‘Unified Germany’: - Continued to ‘play off’ two levels of

Germany Bismark and a ‘Unified Germany’: - Continued to ‘play off’ two levels of representative government: Middle Class Parliament vs ‘popular’ lower chamber (‘Reichstag’) - Wary of rise ‘socialism’: Germany ‘home’ Marx, Engels (1848 ‘Communist Manifesto’) - Had become basis for German Social Democratic Party

Germany 1878: party outlawed - Could control ‘party’ but not its politics: socialist values

Germany 1878: party outlawed - Could control ‘party’ but not its politics: socialist values continued to have followers - Bismark: ‘appeased’ workers with progressive programmes [as Britain had done earlier in century] - Went much further: national health programme, old-age pensions – ironic most far-reaching ‘socialist’ policies came from militaristic, conservative government

Germany 1890: King ‘Kaiser’ Wilhelm II took throne - Conscious of Bismark’s personal power:

Germany 1890: King ‘Kaiser’ Wilhelm II took throne - Conscious of Bismark’s personal power: saw it as competition to his own - Dismissed him but essentially followed same political strategies: kept influence ‘socialism’ at by continuing to support poor, workers - Limited political reforms kept ‘moderate’ middle class on side until WWI

Italy & Germany “How did these developments shape European Politics in the decades before

Italy & Germany “How did these developments shape European Politics in the decades before WWI? ” [Text p. 743] - Two Significant Issues: - Emergence of ‘Modern Politics’ - Rise of Anti-Semitism

Rise ‘Modern Politics’ From 1848 -1870: - Era saw overall change in ‘political behaviour’

Rise ‘Modern Politics’ From 1848 -1870: - Era saw overall change in ‘political behaviour’ - Elites, aristocracies: to keep power several different groups either had to be appeased individually or brought together - Middle Class aware of ‘power’ it could exercise in process

Rise ‘Modern Politics’ - France example of what happened when neither policy successfully followed

Rise ‘Modern Politics’ - France example of what happened when neither policy successfully followed - Successful unification Italy, Germany: underscored importance of dealing with emergent ‘class differences’ Showed that ideological differences could be overcome – liberals could co-exist/support conservatives – if nationalism ‘used’ effectively

Rise ‘Modern Politics’ Nationalism in late-19 th Century Politics: - Directed ‘inward’: rise of

Rise ‘Modern Politics’ Nationalism in late-19 th Century Politics: - Directed ‘inward’: rise of Anti-Semitism in Western and Eastern Europe (Russia) [see Lecture, Sept. 11 ] - Directed ‘outward’: rise of ‘Colonial Empires’ in ‘non. West’ [see sections “Imperialism 1800 -1914” – Ottoman Empire, Africa, Asia, South Asia]