Unification Movements in Europe Nationalism Nationalism is loyalty

Unification Movements in Europe

Nationalism �Nationalism is loyalty to the nation above the king/queen �Nationalists wanted their own independent government (state) and started revolutions to get their independence � 3 Multinational empires (empires with many “nations”): Austro-Hungarian, Russian, Ottoman

Italy: Cavour Unites Italy � 1815 -1848 - growing feeling among Italians that they didn’t want a foreign leader anymore � 1832 Giuseppe Mazzini organized the group Young Italy but driven into exile in 1848 after failed revolution � Sardinia’s count Camillo di Cavour wanted to expand Sardinia’s power but managed to unite Italy

Garibaldi Unites Southern Italy �Giuseppe Garibaldi- 1860 - Red Shirtsleader of Italian Nationalists in the South united Italy but made a deal with Cavour so that Cavour would rule � 1866 Venetia added � 1870 papal states added

Germany: The Rise of Prussia �Since 1815 39 German states in German Confederation with the Austro. Hungarian Empire and Prussia as the largest states �Prussia’s advantages: ethnically unified (German), strong military,

Otto von Bismarck and Realpolitik � Bismarck – prime minister of Prussia- violated the constitution and began expanding Prussia’s borders � Used realpolitik, the politics of reality � 1864 forged an alliance between Prussia and Austria and went to war with Denmark � 1866 Austria declared war on Prussia (7 weeks war) but lost � 1867 North German Confederation

Bismarck Unites Germany �Franco-Prussian War 1870 -1871 �Bismarck begins a war against the French just so he can get the southern Germans to join him �Prussians win against the French and Germany united � 1871 King Wilhelm I of Prussia crowned Kaiser � 1871: Great Britain and Germany most powerful states in Europe