UNICEF Water and Sanitation Programming Clarissa Brocklehurst India

UNICEF Water and Sanitation Programming Clarissa Brocklehurst

India, sanitation trends analysis by wealth quintiles Poorest 20% 100 Second 20% 100 Third 20% 100 Fourth 20% 100 Richest 20% 100 20 80 80 6 0 2 4 94 94 80 56 5 64 60 60 99 83 60 60 94 95 0 40 40 75 40 4 20 20 20 4 0 10 1995 2 3 2008 Improved facilities Unimproved facilities Open defecation 0 6 0 1995 13 2008 Improved facilities Unimproved facilities Open defecation 0 32 20 44 20 17 0 1995 2008 Improved facilities Unimproved facilities Open defecation Source: NFHS (DHS) 1993, 1999, 2006 Prepared by UNICEF Statistics and Monitoring Section, April 2010

Bangladesh, sanitation trends analysis by wealth quintiles Poorest 20% 100 Second 20% 100 Third 20% 100 1 9 22 80 9 36 31 80 80 37 61 43 40 60 40 32 40 35 20 20 43 2 11 0 7 60 80 40 40 87 93 62 54 28 Richest 20% 100 80 29 60 68 20 0 20 25 80 60 Fourth 20% 100 20 20 24 11 0 1995 2008 Improved facilities Unimproved facilities Open defecation 0 1995 2008 Improved facilities Unimproved facilities Open defecation Source: DHS 1994, 1997, 2000, 2004, 2007 Prepared by UNICEF Statistics and Monitoring Section, April 2010

What are these people doing?

Participatory Mapping

Community Action Plan

Households build latrines

Open Defecation Free Communities 9 UNICEF CATS

Large disparities in access remain between different socio-economic groups The richest in sub-Saharan Africa are almost five times more likely to use improved sanitation than the poorest 100 63 45 34 20 The richest in sub-Saharan Africa are twice as likely to use an improved drinking water source than the poorest 4 100 86 80 80 71 Coverage (%) 77 60 52 40 36 26 20 60 55 46 40 36 20 16 0 Poorest 2 nd 3 rd 4 th Open defecation Unimproved facilities Improved and shared facilities Richest 0 Poorest 2 nd 3 rd 4 th Richest Unimproved sources Other improved sources Piped on premises Source: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme on Water and Sanitation (JMP) Prepared by UNICEF Statistics and Monitoring Section, May 2010

urban - rural inequity • the number of people living in rural areas who do not use an improved source of drinking water is over five times the number living in urban areas • 84% of the world population without improved drinking water lives in rural areas • only 45% of rural population uses improved sanitation, vs 76% in urban areas • seven out of ten people without improved sanitation live in rural areas

Note: Selected MICS-3 countries for illustration purposes only Prepared by UNICEF Statistics and Monitoring Section, April 2010

Water on premises largely an urban privilege, while poorest in rural areas spent most time on collecting drinking water Urban % 100 Burkina Faso 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Poorest 2 nd 3 rd 4 th Richest > 30 minutes round trip 0 -30 minute round trip On premises % Kenya Rural % 100 Poorest 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 3 rd 4 th Richest > 30 minutes round trip 0 -30 minute round trip On premises % 100 2 nd 0 Poorest 2 nd 3 rd 4 th > 30 minutes round trip 0 -30 minute round trip On premises Richest Poorest 2 nd 3 rd 4 th Richest > 30 minutes round trip 0 -30 minute round trip On premises Source: Burkina Faso MICS 2006 and Kenya DHS 2003 Prepared by UNICEF Statistics and Monitoring Section, April 2010

Global trends of WASH aid Source: UN-Water GLAAS 2010 Report

Poor targeting to unserved and poor populations Source: UN-Water GLAAS 2010 Report

Current management models are not keeping handpumps working!

How to create “voice” for rural dwellers? • Does too much of our rural water supply programming stem from a “charity” approach? • Could self supply help? How to ensure affordability? • How to make rural dwellers “clients”? • What governance structures help? • Have we in fact put too much responsibility onto rural communities?

Government and donor money is NOT the most important source of finance for rural water supply

• regional inequity - in general, Sub Saharan Africa lags behind badly on both water and sanitation, South Asia on sanitation (though stil not as badly in percentage terms than SSA) • worldwide, 37% of people not using an improved source of drinking water live in Sub Saharan Africa • water supply coverage in sub-saharan Africa is only 60 percent, while the global total is 87% • sanitation coverage in Sub Saharan Africa is only 31 percent, while globally it is 61 % • sanitation coverage is South Asia is only 36 percent, while globally it is 61%