Understanding the Potential for Open Government Open Source

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Understanding the Potential for Open Government: Open Source Processes for E -Government Walt Scacchi

Understanding the Potential for Open Government: Open Source Processes for E -Government Walt Scacchi Institute for Software Research University of California, Irvine Wscacchi@uci. edu http: //www. ics. uci. edu/~wscacchi/Presentations/Open. Govt

Open Government? • Free/open source software development encourages sharing, examination, reuse, modification, and redistribution

Open Government? • Free/open source software development encourages sharing, examination, reuse, modification, and redistribution • E-Government encourages adoption of ECommerce/E-Business in government agency operations, functions, business lines • Open government embraces open source and E -government processes, practices, and communities 2

Why Open Government? • Help make government faster, better, cheaper • Empower interested government

Why Open Government? • Help make government faster, better, cheaper • Empower interested government employees, contractors, and interested citizens to offer help and capture their contributions • Enable creation of public test-beds where existing/new government processes can be demonstrated, manipulated, and refined. 3

Why Open Government? • Make processes of government and democracy Web-enabled and computationally enactable

Why Open Government? • Make processes of government and democracy Web-enabled and computationally enactable – Codify processes into high-level, user-friendly process models as their “source code” – Avoid coding processes in conventional programming or scripting languages • This makes them opaque to users, and difficult to improve, adapt, or learn 4

Overview • Open processes for system development, use, and evolutionary support • Motivations for

Overview • Open processes for system development, use, and evolutionary support • Motivations for open source processes • Government operations and business processes • International Development applications • Military and security applications • Opportunities and conclusions 5

Open source processes • System development – build and release, testing, review/inspection, configuration management,

Open source processes • System development – build and release, testing, review/inspection, configuration management, security certification, localization, porting, contribution, development Web site maintenance, etc. • Deployment – business process redesign, organizational transformation, system upgrade, user training, community development and support, etc. 6

Open source processes • Free/open source software does not embody the processes for how

Open source processes • Free/open source software does not embody the processes for how best to develop, deploy, use or sustain them • Deploying free/open source software is often inefficient and sub-optimal • Closed source software development, deployment, use and support is generally no different! • Explicit open source processes could also help closed source systems. 7

Open source process example • Example of an open source process model of a

Open source process example • Example of an open source process model of a proposal submission process, specified in a Process Markup Language, PML • J. Noll and W. Scacchi, Specifying Process-Oriented Hypertext for Organizational Computing, Journal of Network and Computer Applications, 4(1): 39 -61, 2001. 8

Complex motivations for open source processes • Closed source processes: opaque or tacit, difficult

Complex motivations for open source processes • Closed source processes: opaque or tacit, difficult to improve, subject to patent • Most enterprise processes are operational, not strategic. • Continuous process improvement and organizational learning requires open access to the “source code” of operational processes 9

Closed source process as strategic business assets • Processes offering competitive advantage can be

Closed source process as strategic business assets • Processes offering competitive advantage can be patented, denoting their value as strategic business assets • But very few enterprise processes are source of competitive advantage • Closed/tacit vs. administrative vs. open source enterprise processes 10

A closed source business process example 11

A closed source business process example 11

Closed vs. administrative vs. open source processes • Closed: Amazon “one-click” e-purchase – Patented

Closed vs. administrative vs. open source processes • Closed: Amazon “one-click” e-purchase – Patented processes inhibits their sharing, reuse, study, modification, and redistribution • Administrative: Java community process – asserts property rights, responsibilities, and administrative authority – legalistic or bureaucratic “policy and procedures” are narrative, not operational => ambiguous interpretation and legal wrangling 12

Java Community Process 13

Java Community Process 13

Administrative process example 14

Administrative process example 14

Continuous process improvement and organizational learning • CPI is easier when processes are open

Continuous process improvement and organizational learning • CPI is easier when processes are open and computationally explicit • OL can be supported just-in-time via process-directed intranets/extranets – PDIs/PDEs enable just-in-time training, process prototyping, performance monitoring and measurement, dynamic repair of process execution breakdowns/failures, and more. – see References for citations and details 15

Government operations and business processes • Example: Procurement and acquisition – – – Procurement:

Government operations and business processes • Example: Procurement and acquisition – – – Procurement: purchasing MRO supplies Acquisition: contracting for services Not simply a matter using electronic forms or extensible markup notations about them – Reengineering enterprise processes is complex and requires processes transformation, integration, commitment, and training • W. Scacchi, Redesigning Contracted Service Procurement for Internet -based Electronic Commerce: A Case Study, Journal of Information Technology and Management, 2(3), 313 -334, 2001. 16

Government operations and business processes • Federal Enterprise Architecture process domains are the prime

Government operations and business processes • Federal Enterprise Architecture process domains are the prime candidates – Financial management – Human relations – Monitoring benefits and public health – Data and statistic development – Criminal investigation – Regulation and legislation development, deployment, and enforcement 17

Open Govt for International Development applications • Promote free/open source enterprise software systems and

Open Govt for International Development applications • Promote free/open source enterprise software systems and processes – http: //www. gnuenterprise. org for enterprise resource management and E-business framework – Many other office productivity, E-business, and E-commerce systems being developed and deployed as free/open source 18

GNUe enterprise system architecture 19

GNUe enterprise system architecture 19

Open Govt for International Development applications • Free/open source systems and processes are comparatively

Open Govt for International Development applications • Free/open source systems and processes are comparatively easy to transfer and deploy into developing nations, once localized • Free/open source systems and processes amenable to co-sourced, cost-shared, multilateral development 20

Military and security applications • Most of the military enterprise focuses on operational, logistical,

Military and security applications • Most of the military enterprise focuses on operational, logistical, and training processes • Administrative processes are ponderous, procrustean, rather than agile, flexible • Current legacy processes are compliance oriented, rather than improvement oriented 21

DD(X) Overview 22

DD(X) Overview 22

DD(X) Acquisition Guidelines 23

DD(X) Acquisition Guidelines 23

Acquisition Process-Directed Intranet demonstration More information available in: J. Noll and W. Scacchi, Specifying

Acquisition Process-Directed Intranet demonstration More information available in: J. Noll and W. Scacchi, Specifying Process-Oriented Hypertext for Organizational Computing, Journal of Network and Computer Applications, 4(1): 39 -61, 2001. W. Scacchi, Open Acquisition: Combining Open Source Software Development with System Acquisition, technical report, July 2002. 24

Military and security applications • Homeland security will increasingly become focus of process improvement,

Military and security applications • Homeland security will increasingly become focus of process improvement, streamlining and cost reduction. 25

Open Govt Opportunities • Establish OG Web portals and clearinghouse – Create/share process toolkits,

Open Govt Opportunities • Establish OG Web portals and clearinghouse – Create/share process toolkits, libraries, repositories • Co-sourced development of OG processes – amortize and share OG development costs • Capture and codification of government process domain expertise • Operational OG system and process demo’s – OG prototypes – Exportable processes for democratic government operations 26

Conclusions • Free/open source software systems for government represent a significant opportunity • Seek

Conclusions • Free/open source software systems for government represent a significant opportunity • Seek high-level, user-friendly processes for government operations expressed as open source, computationally enactable processes • Open government embraces and extends open source, while also moving towards flexible, agile democratic government operations 27

References • J. Noll and W. Scacchi, Supporting Software Development in Virtual Enterprises, Journal

References • J. Noll and W. Scacchi, Supporting Software Development in Virtual Enterprises, Journal of Digital Information, 1(4), February 1999. • J. Noll and W. Scacchi, Specifying Process-Oriented Hypertext for Organizational Computing, Journal of Network and Computer Applications, 4(1): 39 -61, 2001 • W. Scacchi, Redesigning Contracted Service Procurement for Internetbased Electronic Commerce: A Case Study, Journal of Information Technology and Management, 2(3), 313 -334, 2001. • W. Scacchi, Open Acquisition: Combining Open Source Software Development with System Acquisition, technical report, July 2002. • W. Scacchi, Open EC/B: A Case Study in Electronic Commerce and Open Source Software Development, technical report, July 2002. 28

References • W. Scacchi and P. Mi, Process Life Cycle Engineering: A Knowledge Based

References • W. Scacchi and P. Mi, Process Life Cycle Engineering: A Knowledge Based Approach and Environment, Intern. Journal Intelligent Systems in Accounting, Finance, and Management, 6(1), 83 -107, 1997. • W. Scacchi, Understanding the Social, Technological, and Policy Implications of Open Source Software Development position paper presented at the NSF Workshop on Open Source Software, January 2002 (revised August 2002). • W. Scacchi, Understanding the Requirements for Developing Open Source Software Systems, IEE Proceedings--Software, 149(1), 24 -39, February 2002. 29

Acknowledgements • The research described in this report is supported by contracts/grants from: •

Acknowledgements • The research described in this report is supported by contracts/grants from: • National Science Foundation – #IIS-0083075, #ITR-0205679, #ITR-0205724 and Industry/University Research Cooperative for the CRITO Consortium • Defense Acquisition University – #N 487650 -27803 • No endorsement implied. 30