Ultrasound Spring 2013 Week 7 RT 255 C

Ultrasound Spring 2013 Week 7 RT 255 C

Ultrasound AKA: 1)Diagnostic Medical Sonography 2)Sonography 3)Ultrasonography 4)Vascular Sonography 5)Echocardiography 2

Principles of Diagnostic Ultrasound n NON- ionizing n Uses high frequency sound waves n By giving reflections from parts in the body n Mobile n Cost effective n Invasive? n Can be imaged in sectional, coronal and oblique planes 3

What makes a good Sonographer? n Knowledge of detailed anatomy and Pathophysiology n 3 D antatomy n Good communication n Be able to work under stress 4

Repetitive Motion Injuries n n Poor ergonomic habits n Poor equipment design n Poor posture 80% have muscloskeletal injuries n Shoulder (rotator cuff) n Elbow n Neck n Lower Back Pain n Wrist lesions or pain (carpal tunnel, ganglions, tendonitis) n Eyesight problems Why? n Sustained pressure and force n Awkward scanning techniques n Assisting with patient movement n Body habitus n Inadequate work breaks n Overall job stress 5

Still a Neonate n Fairly new technology compared with xray First used for navy sonar in World War II n 1940’s n n US waves transmitted and returned 6

1947 – Through- Transmission n Used to detect tumors and intracranial lesions n n With 2 transducers opposite sides of the head Called throughtransmission 7

1948 First Ultrasound Douglas Howry 8

Contact Compound Scanner n 1957 n n Tom Brown and Ian Donald Obstetric techniques 9

Present Day n n n Smaller machines Increased resolution Real time scanning Portable Mobile 10

Properties of Sound Waves n Acoustic waves n n Audible sound waves n n Energy that moves back and forth or vibrates at a steady rate 16, 000 – 20, 000 cycles/sec Ultrasound waves n n 1 - 10 million cycles/sec High frequency mechanical vibrations through a medium n Transmitted by particles of gas, liquid or solid medium 11

Piezoelectric Effect n AC applied across piezoelectric crystals n n n Crystals grow and shrink Conversion of electrical energy to mechanical energy US is produced from a transducer by this effect 12

Acoustic Impedance n Has properties similar to light n n n Focused, refracted, reflected or scattered Dependent on the density and elastic properties of medium Velocity of sound n n Sound waves are sent and received Velocity is different among bone, air and soft tissue n n Poor impedance in air Pitch and sound waves are picked up by computer and produce images: based on depths and speeds 13

Properties similar to light n http: //www. eechocardiography. com/chapters/physicalpr inciples/02. php 14

Types of Transducers 15

Elements of Transducers n Capable of sending and receieving US 16

Advantages of US n n 1. Ultrasound examinations can be non- invasive 2. Ultrasound methods are relatively inexpensive, quick and convenient n 3. No harmful effects have been detected n 4. Ultrasound is particularly suited to imaging soft tissues 17

Disadvantages of US n n n 1. The major disadvantage is that the resolution of images is often limited. 2. Ultrasound is reflected very strongly on passing from tissue to gas, or vice versa 3. Ultrasound also does not pass well through bone 18

Real Time, Doppler and Color Flow Doppler n Real time: n n n Doppler n n Multiple rapid image frames per second Ex: can see pulsative vascular, cardiac structures, diaphragm motion & peristalsis Frequency change in laminar or turbulent flow in vascular structures Color Doppler n n Assigns a color scale to change in frequency Red toward transducer and blue away from transducer 19

Doppler 20

Color Doppler 21

Gallbladder 22

Gallbladder 23

Prostate 24

Prostate 25

26

Bladder 27

Kidney 28

Abdomen - LUQ 29

Abdomen - RUQ 30

Liver 31

Liver 32

Spleen 33

Spleen 34

Pancreas 35

Uterus 36

Uterus 37

Ovary 38

Ovary 39

Breast 40

Breast 41

Testes 42

43

19 Week Fetus 44

19 Week fetus n http: //images. google. com/imgres? imgurl=http: // embryology. med. unsw. edu. au/movies/usound/1 9 weeklabel 2. jpg&imgrefurl=http: //embryology. med. unsw. edu. au/movies/usound/Hum 19 w 4 D. ht m&usg=__Ef. Di. Z 2 qd. LFEQ_ZGPy 9 YS 628 Qy. PI=&h =379&w=358&sz=11&hl=en&start=71&tbnid=Q q. STbyck. VIj. YM: &tbnh=123&tbnw=116&prev=/images%3 F q%3 Dfetal%2 Bultrasound%26 gbv%3 D 2%26 nds p%3 D 20%26 hl%3 Den%26 sa%3 DN%26 start%3 D 60 45

Heart 46

Heart 47