Ultrasound Spring 2009 Student Final Ultrasound AKA 1Diagnostic

Ultrasound Spring 2009 Student Final

Ultrasound AKA: 1)Diagnostic Medical Sonography 2)Sonography 3) 4) Vascular Sonography 5)Echocardiography

Principles of Diagnostic Ultrasound n NON- ionizing n Uses high frequency sound waves n By giving reflections from parts in the body n ? n Cost effective n ? n Can be imaged in sectional, coronal and oblique planes

What makes a good Sonographer? n Knowledge of detailed anatomy and Pathophysiology n 3 D anatomy n Good communication n Be able to work under stress

Repetitive Motion Injuries n n Poor ergonomic habits n Poor equipment design n Poor posture 80% have muscloskeletal injuries n Shoulder (rotator cuff) n ? n Neck n Lower Back Pain n ? n Eyesight problems Why? n Sustained pressure and force n ? n Assisting with patient movement n ? n Inadequate work breaks n Overall job stress

Still a Neonate n Fairly new technology compared with x-ray First used for navy sonar in World War II n 1940’s n n US waves transmitted and returned

1947 – Through- Transmission n Used to detect tumors and intracranial lesions n n With 2 transducers opposite sides of the head Called throughtransmission

1948 First Ultrasound Douglas Howry

Contact Compound Scanner n 1957 n n Tom Brown and Ian Donald Obstetric techniques

Present Day n n n Smaller machines Increased resolution Real time scanning Portable Mobile

Properties of Sound Waves n Acoustic waves n n Audible sound waves n n Energy that moves back and forth or vibrates at a steady rate 16, 000 – 20, 000 cycles/sec Ultrasound waves n n 1 - 10 million cycles/sec _______ mechanical vibrations through a medium n Transmitted by particles of gas, liquid or solid medium

Piezoelectric Effect n AC applied across piezoelectric crystals n n n Crystals grow an shrink Conversion of electrical energy to mechanical energy US is produced from a transducer by this effect

Acoustic Impedance n Has properties similar to light n n n Focused, refracted, reflected or scattered Dependent on the density and elastic properties of medium Velocity of sound n n Sound waves are sent and received Velocity is different among bone, air and soft tissue n n Poor impedance in air Pitch and sound waves are picked up by computer and produce images: based on depths and speeds

Types of Transducers

Elements of Transducers n Capable of sending and receiving US

Advantages of US n n 1. Ultrasound examinations can be non- invasive 2. Ultrasound methods are relatively inexpensive, quick and convenient n n 3. No harmful effects have been detected n 4. Ultrasound is particularly suited to imaging soft tissues

Disadvantages of US n n n 1. The major disadvantage is that the resolution of images is often limited. 2. Ultrasound is reflected very strongly on passing from tissue to gas, or vice versa 3. Ultrasound also does not pass well through bone

Real Time, Doppler and Color Flow Doppler n Real time: n n n Doppler n n Multiple rapid image frames per second Ex: can see pulsative vascular, cardiac structures, diaphragm motion & peristalsis Frequency change in laminar or turbulent flow in vascular structures Color Doppler n n Assigns a color scale to change in frequency Red toward transducer and blue away from transducer

Doppler

Color Doppler

Gallbladder

Gallbladder

Prostate

Prostate

Bladder

Kidney

Abdomen - LUQ

Abdomen - RUQ

Liver

Liver

Spleen

Spleen

Pancreas

Uterus

Uterus

Ovary

Ovary

Breast

Breast

Testes

19 Week Fetus

Heart

Heart