Uganda More Pork project Commercial feed businesses Scoping
Uganda ‘More. Pork’ project Commercial feed businesses: Scoping survey and KAP assessments Stella Namazzi (NARO), Ben Lukuyu, Emily Ouma and Pius Lutakome (ILRI) Uganda Feeds and Forages Stakeholder Workshop Kampala, 25 February 2021
Objectives of the studies ØTo characterize commercial feed businesses in Uganda. ØTo understand Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of small -scale feed producers. ØFindings to inform training needs of small scale feed producers. ØFindings to guide the training and certification scheme for small scale feed producers. 2
Characteristics of Feed Businesses • Majority are male owned businesses • Kampala & Mukono have more women in feed business • Owners are middle aged(40 years) Age of owner • Businesses are less than a decade old (mean) Business age(Years) Business registered as commercial company Business has a feed processing unit Location Kampala Masaka Mpigi Mukono Wakiso Overall Percentage of feed businesses by sex of owner Male(n=54) Female(n=27) 53. 33 46. 67 80. 77 19. 23 90. 00 10. 00 50. 00 60. 00 40. 00 66. 67 33. 33 Kampala Masaka Mpigi Mukono Wakiso Overall 40. 53 39. 96 40. 30 39. 60 41. 20 40. 17 13. 67 6. 54 6. 50 5. 70 4. 90 7. 44 66. 67 57. 69 60. 00 50. 00 90. 00 61. 73 66. 67 61. 54 50. 00 85. 00 50. 00 65. 43 3
Feed Businesses Models…… Feed model Proportion of actors 63% % serving pig farmers With raw materials 94% % serving pig farmers With processed feeds 35% Feed ingredients only seller (n=32) 41% 78% - Feed selling(n=12) 16% 92% 33% Feed mixing only(n=13) 17% 77% 23% Commercial feed manufacturer (formulation, mixing, packaging and supply)(n=11) Agro industrial processor – oil seed or cereal milling/extraction (n=1) 14% 92% 9% 1% 100% Feed milling & mixing(n=49) 4
Feed Business performance • 176 MT of raw material purchased in 6 months, 70 MT of ingredients purchased • 91 MT processed and sold feed ingredients in 6 months • Cost of feed ingredients in 6 months(UGX 90 M) • Revenue from processed feed ingredients in 6 months (UGX 71. 2 M) Average in 6 months(MT ) Purchased raw materials District Purchased feed Processed and sold fee ingredients Masaka 239. 81 74. 55 104. 06 Wakiso Mukono 202. 54 175. 44 8. 40 151. 87 24. 96 104. 39 Kampala 106. 00 12. 38 112. 90 Mpigi 62. 45 58. 66 59. 47 Overall 176. 22 70. 03 91. 27 5
Feed Business size • 67% are large scale businesses with >50 M shillings annual turnover • Mukono, Mpigi & Masaka have more large feed businesses • Wakiso & Kampala have more small businesses with <10 M shillings annual turnover Location Mukono Mpigi Masaka Wakiso Kampala Overall % of feed businesses by size Small Medium Large 0. 00 25. 00 75. 00 10. 00 20. 00 7. 69 23. 08 69. 23 28. 57 14. 29 57. 14 13. 33 33. 33 53. 33 8. 97 24. 36 66. 67 Revenue from feed ingredients in 6 months(UGX) Revenue(UGX) 100 000 86 400 000 80 000 71 200 000 60 000 40 000 20 000 0 1 157 643 Small 11 400 000 Medium Large Business size Overall 6
Feed Business & COVID-19 • 21% closed business at some point • More feed businesses closed in Masaka & Mpigi • 43% of small businesses closed, 21% medium & 18% large • 4% had an employee contracting COVID • 84% had revenues reduce by 0 -100% • 91% reported reduced sales Business closed at one point, Yes 40 34, 78 30 30 20 15 10 20, 78 10 7, 14 0 Masaka Mpigi Mukono Wakiso Kampala Overall Yes 7
Commercial feed supply pathways Suppliers of feed ingredients Feed producers Feed distributors/ transporter Wholesalers Retailers Farmers (farm produce) Processing factories* Importers Fishing Feed consumers/users Feed types Feed exporters Concentrates Cereal by products Pig farmers Oil seed cakes Minerals Poultry farmers Vitamins and amino acids Dairy/shoat farmers *Oil seed processing factories include cereal milling and oil seed milling 8
Mean quantities purchased/kg Types of unprocessed raw materials purchased by feed producers 500000 400000 300000 200000 100000 0 Maize grain Soyabean Silverfish Type purchased per feed business type Feed milling and Mixing Commercial feed manufacturer Shells Feed mixing only Feed ingredients only seller 9
Quantities purchased in (Kg) Types and quantities of raw materials used by feed producers for producing feed 350000 300000 250000 200000 150000 100000 50000 0 Sunflower Cotton seed concentrates Maizebran Limestone cake Type of processed raw material purchased Feed milling and Mixing Feed mixing only Commercial feed manufacturer Feed ingredients only seller Booster 10
Constraints & recommendations by feed producers Themes Constraints Policy gaps Adulterated and or poor quality feeds. Discouragement for farmers to buy Nutrient composition compounded feeds is not provided Low supply of feed ingredients due to increased exports Highly priced commercial feed ingredients hence compounded feed Stiff competition by imported products Technical gaps Possible suggested Solutions Government needs to enact the feed bill to regulate the feeds industry Capacity building for feed processors about ethical issues Affordable and accessible nutrient analysis facilities for commercial compounded feeds and ingredients Government needs to regulate export of maize Government needs to reduce taxes of imported feed ingredients Knowledge gaps on feed formulation Training of feed processors on feed formulation High cost of commercially formulated Arranging contractual agreements with input and service feeds providers for supply of feeds Low demand for commercial feeds Increased awareness of feed producers on quality (farmers perceive commercial feeds to be assurance of feeds costly) 11
Level of awareness and knowledge related to feeds & feeding Indicator Awareness about feed ingredients containing Energy & Protein nutrients Awareness about feed ingredients containing energy nutrients Aware about feed ingredients containing protein nutrients Male (%) Female (%) Total (%) 80. 0 65. 9 73. 3 84. 4 87. 5 86. 0 88. 9 82. 9 66. 1 Knowledge about pig protein requirements 57. 5 58. 2 Knowledge about watering requirements for pregnant sows 57. 8 41. 4 50. 0 Awareness about practical feeding tips for pregnant and lactating sows; and piglets 21. 4 7. 8 15. 0 12
Types of feed ingredients used in formulating pig feeds Feed ingredients used by producers MASAKA MUKONO (n=20) MPIGI (n=10) KAMPALA (n=10) WAKISO (n=20) OVERALL (n=80) Energy & Proteins 68. 4 65 22. 2 85. 0 60. 0 65. 4 Energy, Proteins & Limestone Energy, Protein 10. 5 10. 0 22. 2 11. 1 5. 0 10. 3 3. 8 10. 0 3. 8 Energy, Protein , Salt & Limestone Energy, Protein & Shells 15. 0 5. 6 Energy, Protein, & Salt 5. 0 11. 1 Energy, Protein, & Shells Energy, Protein, Shells & Limestone Energy & gluten 1. 2 10. 0 5. 3 11. 1 5. 6 Amino acids and vitamins totally missing 1. 2 13
Methods used to test feed quality None Feed analysis reports 6, 6 Use physical tests 36, 8 Customer feed back 55, 7 0 10 20 30 40 Percentange using method 50 60 14
Level of awareness about policy and regulation issues in the feeds industry Awareness about quality standards for compounded feeds Awareness about policies and regulation in feed sector Wakiso 80 20 Wakiso 10 Kampala 20 Mukono Masaka Mpigi 65 15 10 Don't know No 15 35 5 Masaka 50 100 Yes 75 40 Mukono 45 45 0 10 15 Kampala 50 50 Mpigi 20 65 25 80 0 35 60 50 60 20 40 60 80 Don't know No Yes 100 15
Actors responsible for regulating feed business and enforcing standards Actors involved in regulating feed business 60 Actors responsible for enforcing standards 60 50 50 40 40 30 30 20 20 10 10 0 0 Masaka Mukono Mpigi Kampala UBOS NARO MAAIF Universities Local leaders Wakiso Masaka Mukono Mpigi UBOS NARO Universities Local leaders Kampala Wakiso Farmers District Officials 16
Attitudes and Perceptions of feed producers about pig feeding and use of compounded feeds Feed quality laser § Laboratory analysis is costly § Quality of feeds is adjusted based on demand § Feed differentiation among different stages is not important § Knowledge of composition of feed ingredients is not important in feed production Knowledge typology § Physical & sensory methods are sufficient for detecting quality § I exclusively use sensory for determining quality of feeds § I possess vast experience in compound feed mixing § Animal nutrition expertise is not important in feed formulation & production Consumer orientation § Poor quality feeds deters farmers from using it § High cost of feed ingredients increases cost of compounded feeds § Poor quality compounded feeds affects pig productivity § Seasonal variation in costs of feed ingredients affects the market price of compounded feeds Profit orientation § Choice of formula is influenced by the price of ingredients but not quality § Quality of compounded feeds does not influence sales. § There are challenges in maintaining the quality of compounded feeds § Compounded feeds are expensive and cannot are not afforded by farmers § Pigs can eat anything irrespective of the nutritive quality 17
Key highlights of the scoping study for small scale feed producers Ø The feed ingredients used to formulate pigs feeds are dominated by energy & protein sources only. Use of essential amino acids & vitamins are totally lacking. Ø There is lack of feed regulation and quality assurance of commercial feed production that results in unknown quality of pig feeds on the market in Uganda Ø The KAP results clearly show small scale feed producers have limited knowledge to produce quality commercial feeds. Ø Findings also show limited awareness about existing policy regulation in the feed sector and existing feed quality standards Ø There is need for training to improve technical knowledge and behavioral change in feed formulation, production processes and feed production quality assurance 18
CGIAR Research Program on Livestock The program thanks all donors and organizations which globally support its work through their contributions to the CGIAR system The CGIAR Research Program on Livestock aims to increase the productivity and profitability of livestock agri-food systems in sustainable ways, making meat, milk and eggs more available and affordable across the developing world. livestock. cgiar. org This presentation is licensed for use under the Creative Commons Attribution 4. 0 International Licence.
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