UBIQUITOUS LEARNING PROF S K BAWA CENTRAL UNIVERSITY

UBIQUITOUS LEARNING PROF. S K BAWA CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF PUNJAB BATHINDA

Anytime-----Anywhere -----Any Device ------Any Network -------Any Data

• Mark Weiser: the father of ubiquitous • 1988 • “…highest ideal is to make a computer so imbedded, so fitting, so natural, that we use it without even thinking about it. ”

Ubiquitous existing or being everywhere at the same time Because of the pervasiveness of these technologies, we tend to use them without thinking about the tool. we focus on the task at hand, making the technology effectively invisible to the user. Ubiquitous technology is Wireless Mobile Networked making its users more connected to the world around them and the people in it.

ALTERNATIVE TERMS Calm technology Embedded Technology Invisible Seamlessly Unobtrusive Intelligent

THREE WAVES ● Mainframe computing (60’s-70’s) – massive computers to execute big data processing applications – very few computers in the world ● Desktop computing (80’s-90’s) – one computer at every desk – computers connected in intranets to a massive global network (internet), all wired ● Ubiquitous computing (2000’s? ) – tens/hundreds of computing devices in every room/person, becoming “invisible” and part of the environment

UBIQUITOUS/PERVASIVE COMPUTING Image source: Friedemann Mattern (ETH Zürich) 9/30

REAL LIFE EXAMPLE OF UBIQUITOUS COMPUTING 1. A corridor or room automatically adjusts heating, cooling and levels based on the occupant’s profile. 2. Accelerator lighting / lift 3. “Smartness” may extend to individual objects e. g. moldable handles that reshape themselves, cars that automatically adjust steering wheel and seat placement regardless of the space they are in.

EXAMPLES…… electronic whiteboards plasma displays smart bulletin boards Solar Power Becoming Ubiquitous Technology Robots

Ubiquitous computing, or calm technology is a paradigm shift where technology becomes virtually invisible in our lives. - Marcia Riley

THE UBIQUITOUS LEARNING ENVIRONMENT A ubiquitous learning environment is any setting in which students can become totally engaged in the learning process. Ubiquitous : pervasive, omnipresent, everywhere Learning : educational, instructive, didactic, pedagogical Environment : surroundings, setting, situation, atmosphere ULE is a situation or setting of pervasive or omnipresent education or learning. Education is happening all around the student but the student may not even be conscious of the learning process. Source data is present in the embedded objects and students do not have to DO anything in order to learn. They just have to be there.

UBIQUITOUS LEARNING ENVIRONMENT Learning environments in which all students have access to a variety of digital devices and services, including computers connected to the Internet and mobile computing devices, whenever and wherever they need them. Ubiquitous computing, then, is more focused on many-to-many than one-to-one or one-to-many, and includes the idea of technology being always available but not itself the focus of learning.

MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF UBIQUITOUS LEARNING Permanency: Learners never lose their work unless it is purposefully deleted, all the learning processes are recorded continuously everyday. Accessibility: Learners have access to their documents, data, or videos from anywhere. The learning involved is self-directed. Immediacy: Wherever learners are, they can get any information immediately. learners can solve problems quickly. The learner can record the questions and look for the answer later.

Interactivity: Learners can interact with experts, teachers, or peers in the form of synchronies or asynchronous communication. The experts are more reachable and the knowledge becomes more available. Situating of instructional activities: The learning can be embedded in our daily life. The problems encountered as well as the knowledge required are all presented in their natural and authentic forms. This helps learners notice the features of problem situations that make particular actions relevant. Adaptability: Learners can get the right information at the right place with the right way.

IMPORTANCE OF UBIQUITOUS LEARNING § § § § communicate in different ways Active learning conceive and use geographical and temporal spaces differently have more control global and local social and personal public and private

• to create, analyze, synthesize and communicate knowledge using a rich variety of media forms • to automate from lower level skills of students to concentrate on higher level thinking • access to abundant resources and rich connections to the world

• both teachers and students are active participants in the learning process • critically analyze information • create new knowledge in a variety of ways both collaboratively and individually • communicate what they have learned • can choose the appropriate tools for a particular task

NUMBER OF M-LEARNING/U-LEARNING PAPERS PUBLISHED FROM 2001 TO 2010 Hwang, G. J. , & Tsai, C. C. (2011). Research trends in mobile and ubiquitous learning: A Research Issues and of review of publications in selected journals from 2001 to 2010. British Journal of. Applications Educational Mobile and Technology, 42(4), E 65 -70. Ubiquitous Learning

Sample groups selected for mobile and ubiquitous learning studies from 2001 to 2010 Hwang, G. J. , & Tsai, C. C. (2011). Research trends in mobile and ubiquitous learning: A review of publications in selected journals from 2001 to 2010. British Journal of Educational Research Issues and Technology, 42(4), E 65 -70. Applications of Mobile and Ubiquitous Learning

U-LEARNING FOR LOCAL CULTURE COURSES Research Issues and Applications of Mobile and Ubiquitous Learning

LEARNING TASK - OBSERVE LEARNING TARGETS Pillar with dragon statue Only the goods for the emperor can have dragons with five claws on them.

LEARNING TASK - READ THE ANCIENT RECORDS ON THE LEARNING TARGETS

LEARNING TASK - SEARCH FOR SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS ON THE INTERNET Ancient decorations in the temple

LEARNING TASK - TOUCH AND FEEL THE MATERIAL OF THE LEARNING TARGETS Stone Drum

U-LEARNING FOR NURSING COURSES

• To conclude ………. . • mobile, wireless communication and sensing technologies has directed to new aspects for perceiving education • Some issues can be investigated • Designing new learning activities • Analyzing the real-world learning behaviors • Developing new learning strategies or tools

UBIQUITOUS IS AN INVISIBLE TECHNOLOGY BUT WITH VISIBLE IMPACT

REFERENCES Tsai, P. S. , Tsai, C. C. , & Hwang, G. J. (in press). Developing a survey for assessing preferences in constructivist context-aware ubiquitous learning environments. Journal of Computer-Assisted Learning. doi: 10. 1111/j. 1365 -2729. 2011. 00436. x (SSCI) Hwang, G. J. , Wu P. H. , Zhuang, Y. Y. , & Huang, Y. M. (in press). Effects of inquiry-based mobile learning model on cognitive load and learning achievement of students. Interactive Learning Environments. (SSCI) Hung, P. S. , Hwang, G. J. , Su, I. S. , & Lin, I. H. (in press). A concept-map integrated dynamic assessment system for improving ecology observation competences in mobile learning activities. Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology. (SSCI) Wu, P. H. , Hwang, G. J. , Su, L. H. , & Huang, Y. M. (in press). A context-aware mobile learning system for supporting cognitive apprenticeships in nursing skills training. Educational Technology & Society. (SSCI) Wu, P. H. , Hwang, G. J. , Tsai, C. C. , Chen, Y. C. , & Huang, Y. M. (in press). A pilot study on conducting mobile learning activities for clinical nursing courses based on the repertory grid approach. Nurse Education Today. doi: 10. 1016/j. nedt. 2010. 12. 001 (SSCI) Shih, J. L. , Hwang, G. J. , Chu, Y. C. , & Chuang, C. W. (2011). An investigation-based learning model for using digital libraries to support mobile learning activities. The Electronic Library, 29(4), 488505. (SSCI) Chu, H. C. , Hwang, G. J. , & Tsai, C. C. (in press). Difference in learning achievement and human cognitive load by using formative assessment-based mobile learning. Online Information Research Issues and Review. (SSCI) Applications of Hwang, G. J. , & Tsai, C. C. (2011). Research trends in mobile and ubiquitous learning: A review ofand Mobile Ubiquitous Learning publications in selected journals from 2001 to 2010. British Journal of Educational Technology, 42(4), E 65 -70. (SSCI)

Hwang, G. J. , Wu, C. H. , Tseng, Judy C. R. , & Huang, I. W. (in press). Development of a ubiquitous learning platform based on a real-time help-seeking mechanism. British Journal of Educational Technology. doi: 10. 1111/j. 1467 -8535. 2010. 01123. x (SSCI) Hwang, G. J. , Shi, Y. R. , & Chu, H. C. (2011). A concept map approach to developing collaborative Mindtools for context-aware ubiquitous learning. British Journal of Educational Technology, 42(5), 778– 789. (SSCI) Hwang, G. J. , Wu, P. H. , & Ke, H. R. (2011). An interactive concept map approach to supporting mobile learning activities for natural science courses. Computers & Education, 57(4), 2272 -2280. (SSCI) Hsieh, S. W. , Jang, Y. R. , Hwang, G. J. , & Chen, N. S. (2011). Effects of teaching and learning styles on students’ reflection levels for ubiquitous learning. Computers & Education, 57(1), 1194 -1201. (SSCI) Shih, J. L. , Chu, H. C. , Hwang, G. J. , & Kinshuk. (2011). An investigation of attitudes of students and teachers about participating in a context-aware ubiquitous learning activity. British Journal of Educational Technology, 42(3), 373 -394. (SSCI) Hwang, G. J. , Chu, H. C. , Lin, Y. S. , & Tsai, C. C. (2011). A knowledge acquisition approach to developing Mindtools for organizing and sharing differentiating knowledge in a ubiquitous learning environment. Computers & Education, 57(1), 1368 -1377. (SSCI) Hwang, G. J. , & Chang, H. F. (2011). A formative assessment-based mobile learning approach to improving the learning attitudes and achievements of students. Computers & Education, 56(1), 1023 -1031. (SSCI) Shih, J. L. , Chuang, C. W. , & Hwang, G. J. (2010). An inquiry-based mobile learning approach to Research Issues and enhancing social science learning effectiveness. Educational Technology & Society, 13 (4), 50 -62. Applications of (SSCI) Mobile and Ubiquitous Learning

Chu, H. C. , Hwang, G. J. , & Tseng, Judy C. R. (2010). An innovative approach for developing and employing electronic libraries to support context-aware ubiquitous learning. The Electronic Library, 28(6), 873 -890. (SSCI) Hung, P. H. , Lin, Y. F. , & Hwang, G. J. (2010). Formative assessment design for PDA integrated ecology observation. Educational Technology & Society, 13(3), 33 -42. (SSCI) Chu, H. C. , Hwang, G. J. , Tsai, C. C. , & Tseng, Judy C. R. (2010). A two-tier test approach to developing location-aware mobile learning systems for natural science courses. Computers & Education, 55(4), 1618 -1627. (SSCI) Chiou, C. K. , Tseng, Judy C. R. , Hwang, G. J. , & Heller, S. (2010). An adaptive navigation support system for conducting context-aware ubiquitous learning in museums. Computers & Education, 55(2), 834 -845. (SSCI) Chu, H. C. , Hwang, G. J. , & Tsai, C. C. (2010). A knowledge engineering approach to developing Mindtools for context-aware ubiquitous learning. Computers & Education, 54(1), 289 -297. (SSCI) Hwang, G. J. , Chu, H. C. , Shih, J. L. , Huang, S. H. , & Tsai, C. C. (2010). A decision-treeoriented guidance mechanism for conducting nature science observation activities in a context-aware ubiquitous learning environment. Educational Technology & Society, 13(2), 53 -64. (SSCI) Hwang, G. J. , Kuo, F. R. , Yin, P. Y. , & Chuang, K. H. (2010). A heuristic algorithm for planning personalized learning paths for context-aware ubiquitous learning. Computers & Education, 54(2), 404 -415. (SSCI) Liu, G. Z. , & Hwang, G. J. (2010). A key step to understanding paradigm shifts in e-learning: Research Issues and Applications of Towards context-aware ubiquitous learning. British Journal of Educational Technology, Mobile and 41(2), E 1 -E 9. (SSCI) Ubiquitous Learning

Peng, H. Y. , Chuang, P. Y. , Hwang, G. J. , Chu, H. C. , Wu, T. T. , & Huang, S. X. (2009). Ubiquitous performance-support system as Mindtool: A case study of instructional decision making and learning assistant. Educational Technology & Society, 12(1), 107 -120. (SSCI) Chen, C. H. , Hwang, G. J. , Yang, T. C. , Chen, S. H. , & Huang, S. Y. (2009). Analysis of a ubiquitous performance support system for teachers. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 46(4), 421 -433. (SSCI) Hwang, G. J. , Yang, T. C. , Tsai, C. C. , & Yang, Stephen J. H. (2009). A context-aware ubiquitous learning environment for conducting complex science experiments. Computers & Education, 53(2), 402 -413. (SSCI) Chu, H. C. , Hwang, G. J. , Huang, S. X. , & Wu, T. T. (2008). A knowledge engineering approach to developing e-libraries for mobile learning. The Electronic Library, 26(3), 303317. (SSCI) Hwang, G. J. , Tsai, C. C. , & Yang, Stephen J. H. (2008). Criteria, strategies and research issues of context-aware ubiquitous learning. Educational Technology & Society, 11(2), 8191. (SSCI) Research Issues and Applications of Mobile and Ubiquitous Learning