U S History Unit 1 GILDED AGE 1877
- Slides: 56
U. S. History Unit 1 – GILDED AGE (1877 – 1898) Immigrants & Urbanization & Turn of the 20 th Century (Chapters 7 & 8)
Immigrants
Through the “Golden Door” • Immigrants came to American shores for many reasons. • To escape Famine • To gain land • To find religious or political freedom • Some Immigrants only intended to stay in America for a short time and then to return to their homes. They were known as “Birds of Passage”
EUROPEANS • Coming to America • Escape religious persecution • Rising populations @ home • Between 1800 & 1900 the European population doubled • Too few Jobs • Reform v They typically came through Ellis Island
New Immigrants - 1880 and 1930 The new immigrants. . . • Came from southern or eastern Europe • Did not speak English • Not Protestant--were Catholic, Orthodox, Jewish • Tended to congregate in cities in ethnic communities • Were illiterate and unskilled • Came over as birds of passage • Clannish and reluctant to assimilate • Associated with countries that had history of non-democratic rulers • Arrived impoverished • Were short and dark • Italians, Polish, and Eastern European
CHINESE & JAPANESE • Coming to America • They arrived on the West coast in smaller numbers than the European immigrants. • Came to get jobs with the American Railroad CO. • Came to find fortune : Gold Rush • The Japanese government allowed the Hawaiian government to recruit in Japan for planters. • With the annexation of Hawaii in 1898 Japanese immigration to U. S. increased. v. They typically came through Angel Island
WEST INDIES & MEXICO • Coming to America • Immigrants came from Jamaica, Cuba, Puerto Rico, and other Islands. • Jobs were scarce and the U. S. was experiencing an industrial upsurge. • Came from Mexico • New farm land drew immigrants north “National Reclamation Act” • Political & Social Upheaval in Mexico.
Ellis Island • It is located at the mouth of the Hudson River in New York Harbor. • Ellis Island was the location of the main entry facility for European immigrants entering the United States • An estimated 17 million immigrants passed through its noisy bustling facilities
Admittance • 20 % of immigrants at Ellis Island were detained for a day or more before being inspected. • The process of Immigrant Inspection was an ordeal that might take five hours or more • Physical Examination • Anyone with a disease, or serious health problem were sent home • Document check • Questioning to determine legal requirements • Prove that they had never been convicted of a felony • Demonstration an ability to work, • Show that they possessed money
Angel Island • Located in San Francisco Bay • The Immigration Station on the northeast corner of the island processed approximately one million Asian immigrants (primarily Chinese) • Between 1910 & 1940 about 50, 000 Chinese immigrants entered the US through Angel Island
Admittance • Immigrants endured harsh questioning • A long detention period was required • Immigrants were forced to live in filthy ramshackle buildings while waiting to find out whether they would be admitted or rejected.
The Rise of Nativism & Xenophobia • Nativism: favoritism to American-born • Xenophobia: fear of foreigners/immigrants • Nativism gave rise to anti-immigrant groups and led to a demand for immigration restrictions. • “New Immigrants” caused an increase in nativism because they were very different from average Americans and did not assimilate quickly.
Nativist Laws • Many unions disliked foreigners for “taking their jobs” • As city life grew, filth and disease associated with city became associated with immigrant groups • Nativism found a foothold in the labor movement particularly in the West • The Asian immigrants were the hardest hit by the Nativist Laws because native born workers feared that jobs would go to Chinese immigrants who would accept lower wages.
Nativist Laws • 1882: Chinese Exclusion Act • It decreased Chinese immigration. The act prohibited Chinese from immigrating and/or becoming citizens (stirred by large number of Chinese in CA) • Ultimately, it banned most Chinese from America for more than 60 years. • 1908: Gentlemen’s Agreement • It decreased Japanese immigration. It was an agreement between U. S. and Japan to halt emigration of unskilled Japanese to U. S.
• What do the shadows represent? • What Gilded age ideal do the men on the dock represent?
Urbanization
Urbanization: The Result of rapid city growth as a result of the technological boom in the 19 th century. • A result of immigration was the increased productivity of factory jobs
City Settlement • Most immigrants lived in Cities. • • Cities were Cheap Cities were convenient places to live Offered unskilled laborers steady jobs in factories By 1910 immigrant families made up more than half the total population of the 18 major American cities.
Americanization Movement • Designed to assimilate people of various cultures into the dominant culture. • Sponsored by the United States Government • Schools and Voluntary associations provided assimilation programs • Teach English Language • Cooking • Social Etiquette
Migration • Rapid improvements in farm equipment meant fewer laborers were needed to work the land. • Many southern farmers who lost their jobs, and had to move to cities, were African Americans. • Job competition between blacks and white immigrants caused further racial tension
Urban Problems • Housing • Transportation • Water • Sanitation • Fire • Crime
Housing • Two housing options • Buy a house outside town and commute • Rent cramped rooms in boarding houses • As Urban population increased new housing was designed • Row Houses: single family dwellings that shared side walls with other similar houses therefore saving space and allowing more houses • Tenements: Multifamily urban dwellings
• Transportation • Mass Transit: Transportation systems designed to move large numbers of people along fixed routes. • Cities struggled to repair old transit systems & build new ones to meet the demand of expanding populations • Water • Most homes in large cities seldom had indoor plumbing and residents had to collect water in pails from faucets on the street • Water quality improvement was vital to controlling diseases such as cholera & typhoid fever v. Filtration was introduced in the 1870 s and chlorination in 1908 • Sanitation ― City growth caused an increase in sanitation problems ― Horse manure piled up on the streets, sewage overflowed from gutters, factories released chemicals in the air ― People dumped garbage on streets (no trash pick up) v. By 1900 many cities had developed sewer lines and created sanitation departments.
• Fire • Cities were packed with wooden living structures • Limited water supply • Use of Kerosene and heaters posed fire hazards • Most firefighters originally were volunteers and not always available when needed First paid FDP was in 1853 • Crime • Pickpockets and thieves thrived during urbanization • NY City organized the 1 st full time Police Force 1844
Reformers • As problems in cities increased Social welfare reformers targeted relief for urban poverty
LIFE AT THE TURN OF 20 TH CENTURY • THE EMERGENCE OF MODERN AMERICA
SCIENCE AND URBAN LIFE • By the turn of the 20 th century, four out of ten (40%) Americans lived in cities • In response to urbanization, technological advances began to meet communication, transportation, and space demands
SKYSCRAPERS Flatiron Building - 1902 • Skyscrapers emerged after two critical inventions: elevators & steel skeletons that bear weight • Famous examples include; Daniel Burnham’s Flatiron Building in NYC, Louis Sullivan’s Wainwright Building in St. Louis • The skyscraper was America’s greatest contribution to architecture and solved the issue of how to best use limited and expensive space
ELECTRIC TRANSIT • Changes in transportation allowed cities to spread outward • By the turn of the century, intricate networks of electric streetcars – also called trolley cars – ran from outlying neighborhoods to downtown offices & stores
“EL’S” AND SUBWAYS • A few large cities moved their streetcars far above street level, creating elevated or “el” trains • Other cities built subways by moving their rail lines underground
NEW TECHNOLOGIES • New developments in communication brought the nation closer • Advances in printing, aviation, and photography helped speed the transfer of information
A REVOLUTION IN PRINTING • By 1890, the literacy rate in the U. S. was nearly 90% • American mills began to produce huge quantities of cheap paper from wood pulp • Electrical web-perfecting presses printed on both sides of paper at the same time • Faster production and lower costs made newspapers and magazines more affordable (most papers sold for 1 cent)
AIRPLANES • In the early 20 th century, brothers Orville and Wilbur Wright, experimented with engines and aircrafts • They commissioned a fourcylinder internal combustion engine, chose a propeller, and built a biplane • On December 17, 1903 they flew their plane for 12 seconds covering 120 feet • Within two years the brothers were making 30 minutes flights • By 1920, the U. S. was using airmail flights regularly Actual photo of Wright Brother’s first flight 12/17/03
PHOTOGRAPHY EXPLOSION 1888 Kodak • Before 1880, photography was a professional activity • Subjects could not move and the film had to be developed immediately • George Eastman invented lighter weight equipment and more versatile film • In 1888, Eastman introduced his Kodak Camera • The $25 camera came with 100 -picture roll of film
EXPANDING PUBLIC EDUCATION • Between 1865 and 1895, states passed laws requiring 12 to 16 weeks of annual education for students ages 8 -14, but the curriculum was poor and the teachers were usually not qualified • However, the number of kindergartens expanded from 200 in 1880 to 3, 000 in 1900
HIGH SCHOOL ENROLLMENT SOARS • High schools expanded their curriculum to include science, civics and social studies • By 1900 500, 000 teen-agers were enrolled in high schools Elroy High School Photo 1906
RACIAL DISCRIMINATION • African Americans were mostly excluded from secondary education • In 1890 less than 1% attended high school • By 1910 that figured had reached only 3% African American school in the south about 1920
EDUCATION FOR IMMIGRANTS • Unlike African Americans, immigrants were encouraged to go to school • Most immigrants sent their children to public schools • Also, thousands of adult immigrants attended night schools to learn English
SEGREGATION AND DISCRIMINATION • By the turn of the 20 th century, Southern States had adopted a broad system of legal discrimination • Blacks had to deal with voting restrictions, Jim Crow laws, Supreme Court set-backs, and physical violence
WHAT IS DISCRIMINATION? • Discrimination involves: • Beliefs : "This group of people is inferior because" • Emotions : "I hate this group of people. " • Actions : "I will deny opportunity/hurt/kill members of this group. "
VOTING RESTRICTIONS • All Southern states imposed new voting restrictions and denied legal equality to African Americans • Some states limited the vote to those who could read, other states had a poll tax which had to be paid prior to voting
JIM CROW LAWS • Southern states passed segregation laws to separate white and black people in public and private facilities • These laws came to be known as “Jim Crow Laws”, named after an old minstrel song • Racial segregation was put into effect in schools, hospitals, parks, and transportation systems throughout the South
PLESSY v. FERGUSON • Eventually a legal case reached the U. S. Supreme Court to test the constitutionality of segregation • In 1896, in Plessy v. Ferguson the Supreme Court ruled that the segregation of races was legal and did not violate the 14 th Amendment
RACE RELATIONS - 1900 • Blacks faced legal discrimination as well as informal rules and customs • Meant to humiliate these “rules” included; whites never shaking the hand of an African America, blacks had to yield the sidewalk to whites, blacks also had to remove their hats in the presence of whites
VIOLENCE • African Americans who did not follow the racial etiquette could face severe punishment or death • Between 1882 -1892, more than 1, 400 black men and women were shot, burned, or lynched • Lynching peaked in the 1880 s and 90 s but continued well into the 20 th century
DISCRIMINATION IN THE NORTH • While most African Americans lived in the segregated South, many blacks had migrated to the North in hopes of better jobs & equality • However, the North had its own brand of racism as blacks got low paying jobs and lived in segregated neighborhoods
DISCRIMINATION IN THE WEST • Discrimination in the west was most often directed against Mexican and Asian immigrants • Mexicans were often forced in Debt Peonage – a system of forced labor due to debt • Asians were increasingly excluded from mainstream society Anti-Asian Cartoon
DAWN OF A MASS CULTURE • Many middle class Americans fought off city congestion and dull industrial work by enjoying amusement parks, bicycling, tennis and spectator sports • American leisure was developing into a multimillion dollar industry
AMUSEMENT PARKS Coney Island was America’s most famous amusement park in the late 19 th century • To meet the recreational needs of city dwellers, Chicago, NYC and other cities began setting aside land for parks • Amusement parks were constructed on the outskirts of cities • These parks had picnic grounds and a variety of rides
NEWSPAPERS • Mass-production printing techniques led to the publication of millions of books, magazines, and newspapers • Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst were two leading publishers whose competition led to more and more sensational newspaper reporting Hearst (above) and Pulitzer (below) initiated what was known as “Yellow Journalism”
Characteristics of Yellow Journalism included huge, sensational, exaggerated headlines
Some contend that Hearst and Pulitzer’s Yellow Journalism was responsible for the Spanish. American War in 1898
THE DEPARTMENT STORE • Marshall Field of Chicago brought the first department store to America • Field’s motto was “Give the lady what she wants” • Field also pioneered the “bargain basement” concept Marshall Fields has been around for almost 150 years
CHAIN STORES • In the 1870 s, F. W. Woolworth found that if he offered an item at a low price, “the consumer would purchase it on the spur of the moment” • By 1911, the Woolworth chain had 596 stores and sold $1, 000 per week
ADVERTISING • Expenditures for advertising was under $10 million a year in 1865, but increased to $95 million by 1900 • Ads appeared in newspapers, magazines and on billboards
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