U S History EOCT test Unit 5 Preparation

U. S. History EOCT test Unit 5 Preparation

SSUSH 11 The student will describe the economic, social, and geographic impact of the growth of big business and technological innovations after Reconstruction.

SSUSH 11 a Explain the impact of the railroads on other industries, such as steel, and on the organization of big business

Bessemer Process • Process for making steel invented by Henry Bessemer. • Made Steel stronger by removing impurities. • Uses air to blow out gases and carbon that weaken steel.

Benefits of the Bessemer Process • Steel made cheaper and more affordable. • Made for faster expansion of railroads. And more construction. • Products made from steel are longer lasting and withstand pressure

The 1860 s Expansion of Railroads caused Big Business to dominate the Economy of the United States.

The Increase in Railroads stimulated national economic growth.

Monopoly • Main goal is to eliminate competition. • Considered unfair by progressives. • During the 1800 s industrial and business leaders accumulate wealth by forming monopolies and trusts.

Characteristics Definition An economic market in which there is only one supplier of a product and no market competition and the company has complete control over quality, wages, Prices. The only company. No other choice to buy the product or service. : Monopoly Examples Georgia Power is the only power company in Bainbridge. You can’t switch over to another company. Non-Examples If you want a cell phone you can shop with (Choice): Verizon Wireless or Alltel

Organization of Business to Eliminate Competition Horizontal Integration Vertical Integration • A business strategy in which one corporation buys out all one corporation owns not of its competitors. For only the company that instance, One Steel mill will produces the finished buy out other steel mills product, but also the that are competing against companies that provide the it. materials needed. In some instances, the transportation to the market is also owned.

Example of Vertical Integration Used by Andrew Carnegie in the formation of Carnegie Steel company

Vertical Integration • Type of organization in which a company owns and controls the entire process of production from raw materials to manufacture and sale of finished product.

Owns Company that Makes Steel

Owns Iron Ore Mine

Owns Railroad to Transport Steel

Purpose of Horizontal & Vertical Integration • John D. Rockefeller once said in his own words that he was determined to “pay nobody a profit” • The purpose was to cut down on cost and enjoy the profits of the business. • Simple formula to get rich: Bring in more money than you pay out!

Andrew Carnegie • Scottish born founder of Carnegie Steel • Company that produced more steel than all of Great Britain • Sold his company to J. P. Morgan for almost $500 million in 1901 • Then devoted his time to “Gospel of Wealth” – using his wealth to finance philanthropy

SSUSH 11 b Describe the impact of the railroads in the development of the West; include the transcontinental railroad, and the use of Chinese labor.

Impact of Railroads - Positive • Made it easier for people to move west and populate the west at a faster rate. • Made life in the west possible by allowing farmers, ranchers, and other settlers access to eastern markets and resources.

Impact of Railroads - Negative • Native Americans will suffer. • Buffalo are killed and great numbers by fur trappers and cow ranchers and the Plains Indians relied heavily on the Buffalo to live. • Interrupted Native American way of life. • Native Americans forced to relocate to reservations. • Native Americans forced to assimilate American customs and ways of life. (Dawes Act)

1862 Transcontinental Railroad • Railroad companies financed by the government to build the Transcontinental Railroad to connect eastern and western U. S. • Union Pacific Railroad (Eastern) • Central Pacific Railroad (Western) • Joined at Promontory Point, Utah

Transcontinental Railroad

Chinese labor on Transcontinental Railroad • Chinese underwent discrimination. • Long hours • Little pay • Harsh weather, extreme heat, cold • Dangerous environments. • Many died.

SSUSH 11 c Identify John D. Rockefeller and the Standard Oil Company and the rise of trusts and monopolies.

John D. Rockefeller & Vertical and Horizontal Integration • John D. Rockefeller owned the Oil industry. • Rockefeller bought out other oil businesses. (Horizontal Integration). • Rockefeller also owned his own barrels, cans, to ship the oil in, the railroad to ship the Oil on, etc. (Vertical Integration). • Rockefeller went a step further when he joined other Monopolies to form a TRUST!

Trust A business formation in which competing companies create one large corporation and each company is entitled to dividends.

Characteristics Definition Set prices. Control the industry. Total economic domination. A business arrangement under which a number of companies unite into one system with the intention of destroying competition and creating monopolies. : Trust Examples Trusts are illegal now so there are not real examples. If Verizon, Alltell, At&t, and Microsoft, Internet providers come together they could dominate the communication industry. Eliminate competition, set prices, Non-Examples Verizon, Alltell, At&t, Microsoft, and internet providers are not together and must COMPETE with one another to get consumers money. Competition results in cheaper prices, better quality, and more services.

John D. Rockefeller • Founder of the Standard Oil Company in 1863 at the age of 24 • He bought our destroyed his competition, • Set up a monopoly on the oil industry and became very wealthy • Tactic was Horizontal integration – He bought out all competitors to create a Monopoly then a Trust.

J. P. Morgan • Bought Carnegie Steel in 1901 • He merged it and other steel companies into US Steel in march 1901

“Robber Barons” “Captains of Industry” • Wealthy entrepreneurs and businessmen during the Industrial Age • Made the U. S. extremely wealthy – referred to in a positive way as “Captains of Industry” • People underpaid, child labor, poor and unhealthy working conditions in order to make a profit – referred to as “Robber Barons” • Notable robber barons include Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller

Laissez-Faire • The idea that government would have a “hands-off” policy and would not regulate big Business • No Minimum Wage, No OSHA, No law against child labor, no regulatory commissions for safe and clean food. Adam Smith Wealth of Nations

Social Darwinism • Theory that grew out of Charles Darwin’s Origin of the Species theory of biological evolution. • “survival of the fittest” Natural Selection • Social Darwinism was a theory created by Herbert Spencer to explain the evolution of human society. • This theory justified the disparity in wealth and encouraged unregulated competition and frowned on government regulation.

Characteristics Definition The idea that promoted inequality in wealth based on Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution but transferred to social differences among humans. : Only the fittest will be rich. Weaker will be poor. It is natures way. Natural for this to be. Social Darwinism Examples Non-Examples Bill Gates is rich because he is intelligent and worked hard. Everyone is equal and should have the same pay regardless. Average individual that drops out school, doesn’t read, and does drugs lives in poverty and jail because he/she is weaker and inferior. Government Regulation of Business. (minimum wage, OSHA, 40 hr. work week, no child labor) Redistribution of Wealth Socialism.

John D. Rockefeller Quote “The growth of large business is merely the survival of the fittest. ”

SSUSH 11 d Describe the inventions of Thomas Edison; include the electric light bulb, motion pictures, and the phonograph, and their impact on American life.

Thomas Edison • Wizard of Menlo park • Invented electric light bulb, motion pictures, phonograph, • Impacted American life.

Light Bulb & Electric Power Stations • Allowed factory workers to work at night and production to occur at night. • Electric Power Stations make electric power possible throughout cities. (steam powered)

Motion Pictures • Made Movies Possible Charlie Chaplin First Actor, Silent Movies Miriam Hopkins Major Movie Actress Born Bainbridge, GA Acted 1930’s 1940’s Buried Oak City Cemetery Miriam Hopkins Dr. Jekyll & Mr. Hyde, 1931

Phonograph • Made music and recorded sound possible. • We have advanced to Mp 3 and IPods.

SSUSH 12 The student will analyze important consequences of American industrial growth.

SSUSH 12 a Describe Ellis Island, the change in immigrant’s origins to southern and eastern Europe and the impact of this change on urban America.

Old Immigration • Immigrants first come from Northern and Western Europe

NEW Immigration • New Immigration refers to a change in the origin, or home place, of immigrants coming to the United States. • New Immigrants come from Southern and Eastern Europe.

Ellis Island • All immigrants coming into the east coast by way of the Atlantic Ocean come to Ellis Island.

Statue of Liberty - Ellis Island

Impact of Change on Urban America

Why did they come? • Jobs created by the need for Labor as a result of the Industrial Revolution.

How did increased Immigration impact Cities? Overcrowding! – many people lived in one house.

Tenement Houses

Ethnic Ghettos

Child Labor • Many immigrants were so poor their children had to work. • The parents let them. • The business let them. • Where should they be?

• Spider has Child Labor written on it. • Web has Profit, Greed, Luxury, Poverty, Ignorance, and Indifferent written.

Are you glad to be in School today?

SSUSH 12 b Identify the American Federation of Labor and Samuel Gompers.

Samuel Gompers - AFL • Founder of American Federation of Labor (AFL) in 1886 • Used collective bargaining to negotiate with businesses for higher wages, better working conditions, etc.

Characteristics Definition The group membership of workers that fought for fairness in the workforce Minimum Wage No Child Labor 40 hour work week Equal pay for women and men : Union Examples American Federation of Labor National Education Association American Medical Association American Bar Association Non-Examples Waiters Cooks Convenience store clerks

Strategies of Unions • Collective Bargaining (Employees negotiate as a group rather than individually) • Strikes (Refusal of workers to work until employers meet their demands). • Boycotts (Refusal to buy or pay for certain products or services to force businesses to change policies. • Closed Shop (Workplaces where employers could only hire union members)

Characteristics Definition Workers or laborers upset or angered to the point of strike. Quit working and protest perceived unfair working conditions. : Examples 1894 Pullman Strike Low pay Unequal pay Long working hours Child labor Unsafe working conditions Industrial Unrest Non-Examples Union membership Minimum wage 40 hr work week

SSUSH 12 d Describe the 1894 Pullman Strike as an example of Industrial unrest.

1894 Pullman Strike • A good example of industrial unrest. • Turned into a violent strike against workers and management. • Ended when the federal government sent in troops.

1894 Pullman Strike - Reasons • George Pullman • Owner of Pullman Car Company • Laid off workers • Also cut wages, didn’t lower rent • Unions strike • Pullman closes company rather than deal with Unions

1894 Pullman Strike - resolved • Pullman car was loaded with U. S. Mail • Federal government filed an injunction (legal order from court to break up strike) • President Grover Cleveland calls in federal troops to break up the strike.

SSUSH 12 c Describe the growth of western population and its impact on Native Americans with reference to Sitting Bull and Wounded Knee.

Growth of Western Population - Negative • Native Americans will suffer. • Buffalo are killed and great numbers by fur trappers and cow ranchers and the Plains Indians relied heavily on the Buffalo to live. • Interrupted Native American way of life. • Native Americans forced to relocate to reservations. • Native Americans forced to assimilate American customs and ways of life. (Dawes Act)

• lived at the Standing Rock Agency. In 1889 a treaty was made reducing Sioux territory. Difficulties in the working of this, and religious excitement in connection with the Ghost Dance craze, led to an outbreak in 1890. • Rumors of a coming Indian Messiah who would defeat the whites, and Indian dissatisfaction at the disposition of their territory, created such great turmoil in 1889— 1890 that the US Army decided to arrest Sitting Bull as a precaution. Sitting Bull and three hundred Indians were killed at Wounded Knee Creek, and the Sioux were finally subdued. Chief Sitting Bull

Dawes Act • 1887 act of Congress aimed at breaking up traditional Indian life by promoting land ownership. • It divided up tribal lands into individual plots and Indians were encouraged to farm.

SSUSH 13 The student will identify major efforts to reform American society and politics in the Progressive Era.

Definition Characteristics Minimum Wage laws The movement that called for Child labor laws more government action in 40 hr work week laws the regulation of business, Safety laws work environment, and called Laws protecting unions for laws governing morality, standards in education, and city development to improve societies ills. : Progressive Era Examples Meat Inspection Act Conservation movement Non-Examples Laissez faire “hands off”

The movement that called for more government action in the regulation of business, work environment, and called for laws governing morality, standards in education, and city development to improve societies ills.

SSUSH 13 a Explain Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle and federal oversight of the meatpacking industry.

Upton Sinclair • Exposed the unsanitary methods used in the Chicago Meatpacking Industry. • Sinclair stated, “I aimed for the publics hearts, and accidentally hit its stomach!” • Theodore Roosevelt pushed for passage of the Meat Inspection Act after reading.

SSUSH 13 b Identify Jane Addams and Hull House and describe the role of women in reform movements.

Jane Adams – Hull House • Purpose was to help inner city “Urban” poor. • Immigrants learned how to read, write, and speak English. • Night school for adults, kindergarten classes for kids, clubs for older children, a public kitchen,

SSUSH 13 c Describe the rise of Jim Crow, Plessy v. Ferguson, and the emergence of the NAACP.

Booker T. Washington • Founder of Tuskegee Normal & Industrial College • Encouraged blacks to seek technical training for jobs to be accepted into white culture. • Blamed black poverty on blacks and urged them to accept discrimination.

W. E. B. Du Bois • Criticized Washington’s ideas • Encouraged blacks to seek higher education and become leaders (lawyers, doctors, politicians, etc. ) so that they could fight discrimination in court and society. • Wanted immediate social and economic equality for African Americans

NAACP • National Association for the Advancement of Colored People • Aimed to full equality among the races. Full civil rights for African Americans. • W. E. B. Du Bois helped establish this group

Characteristics Definition Social and legal laws that were meant to separate the races in society. Black & White water fountains Black & White Schools : Jim Crow Examples Blacks had to move to the back of the bus to allow white people to sit up front. Blacks could not eat in white restuaraunts. Non-Examples Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) • Established “Separate but Equal” doctrine. • Ruled that it was not unconstitutional to separate the races as long as they had equal services. • Segregation (separation of races) legal. Homer Plessy

Jim Crow Era • Laws passed from 1870 s to 1880’s in various states. • Took away newly won rights of African Americans- especially right to vote. • Examples: Poll tax, literacy test for voting, grandfather clause • Separate public facilities for races.

SSUSH 13 d Explain Ida Tarbell’s role as a muckraker.

Social Gospel Movement • Preached salvation through service to the poor. • Reformers such as Jane Addams and her Hull House of Chicago responded. • Encouraged government action and regulation of business and corrupt politics. • Encouraged social programs by the government

Characteristics Definition Journalists that used writing to expose corruption, government scandal, or the wrongs in society. Inform public Influence government policy Cause change in society : Muckraker Examples Upton Sinclair – Chicago meatpacking Ida Tarbell – The History of Standard Oil Non-Examples Literature that covers up and hides scandals and wrongs.

Ida Tarbell • Wrote about the unfair business practices of John D. Rockefeller. • Calls for anti-trust legislation.

OTHER MUCKRAKERS

Muckraker Thomas Nast Jacob Riis Ida B. Wells Work Political Cartoons How the Other Half Lives (1890) A Red Record (1895) Subject Political corruption by NYC's political machine, Tammany Hall, led by Boss Tweed. Living conditions of the urban poor; focused on tenements. Results Tweed was convicted of embezzlement and died in prison. NYC passed building codes to promote safety and health. NAACP joined the fight for Federal anti-lynching Provided statistics on the legislation. lynching of African. Americans.

SSUSH 13 e Describe the significance of progressive reforms such as the initiative, recall, and referendum; direct election of senators; reform of labor laws; and efforts to improve living conditions for the poor in cities.

Planks in the Populist Party Platform Direct Election of U. S. Senators Secret Ballot Party bosses controlled state legislatures that elected representatives to the U. S. Senate. To limit this control, the Populists proposed allowing citizens to directly elect U. S. Senators. Privacy at the ballot box would ensure that citizens can cast votes without party bosses knowing how they voted. Initiative A proposal for a law that originates with state citizens and bypasses the legislature and gets on the ballot by the petition process. Referendum A process where legislatures place a proposed law on the ballot to allow citizens to vote law into effect. Recall Direct Primary Would allow voters to petition to have an elected representative removed from office. Designed to ensure that voters select candidates to run for office, rather than party bosses.

Senators Chosen Elected th 17 Before Amendment

Progressivism

Progressive Era Federal Legislation Required that companies accurately label the ingredients Pure Food and Drug Act contained in processed food items. (1906/1911) Meat Inspection Act (1906) In direct response to Upton Sinclair's The Jungle, this law required that meat processing plants be inspected to ensure the use of good meat and health-minded procedures.

Progressive Era Federal Legislation Cont… Hepburn Act (1906) Federal Reserve Act (1913) Clayton Antitrust Act (1914) Federal Trade Act (1914) Strengthened the Interstate Commerce Commission, allowing it to set maximum railroad rates. Created 12 district Federal Reserve Banks, each able to issue new currency and loan member banks funds at the prime interest rate, as established by the Federal Reserve Board. Strengthened the Sherman Antitrust Act by outlawing the creation of a monopoly through any means, and stated that unions were not subject to antitrust legislation. Established the Federal Trade Commission, charged with investigating unfair business practices including monopolistic activity and inaccurate product labeling.

Progressive Era Amendments 16 th (1913) Granted Congress the power to tax income. 17 th (1913) Provided for the direct election of U. S. Senators. 18 th (1919) Prohibited making, selling, or transporting alcohol. 19 th (1920) Provided women suffrage (voting).

SSUSH 13 f Describe the conservation movement and the development of national parks and forests; include the role of Theodore Roosevelt.

Theodore Roosevelt • Preservation or • Fought in the Spanish Conservation of U. S. American War Natural resources. • Oversaw building of the Panama Canal • Led the Rough Riders at the Battle of San Juan Hill • Issued the Roosevelt Corollary (an extension of the Monroe Doctrine)

Characteristics Definition The setting aside land to preserve it from the devastating effects of industrialization and the closing of the frontier. To keep land from businesses. Not allow homes or industry to clear trees and forests. Protect by government law. : Conservation Examples Yellow Stone National Park Yosemite National Park Non-Examples Land for mining, excavating for oil, gold, iron ore, or marble.

National Parks - Conservation

SSUSH 14 The Student will explain America’s evolving relationship with the world at the turn of the twentieth century.

SSUSH 14 a Explain the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 and anti-Asian immigration sentiment on the west coast.

Chinese Exclusion Act • Law passed in Congress in 1882 to restrict the immigration of Chinese into the United States. • Was not repealed until 1943

Characteristics Definition The idea that to oppose immigration of cultures that were different. Usually leads to violence and discrimination and based on fear of different cultures. Do not like Catholics. Do not like Communists. Do not like Chinese. : Nativism Examples Chinese Exclusion Act Racism Non-Examples Equal employment Civil Rights Equality under the Law