U S History EOCT test Preparation SSUSH 11

U. S. History EOCT test Preparation

SSUSH 11

Transcontinental Railroad

Chinese labor on Transcontinental Railroad • Chinese underwent discrimination. • Long hours • Little pay • Harsh weather, extreme heat, cold • Dangerous environments. • Many died.

Andrew Carnegie • Scottish born founder of Carnegie Steel • Company that produced more steel than all of Great Britain • Sold his company to J. P. Morgan for almost $500 million in 1901 • Then devoted his time to “Gospel of Wealth” – using his wealth to finance philanthropy

John D. Rockefeller • Founder of the Standard Oil Company in 1863 at the age of 24 • He bought our destroyed his competition, • Set up a monopoly on the oil industry and became very wealthy • Tactic was Horizontal integration – He bought out all competitors to create a Monopoly then a Trust.

J. P. Morgan • Bought Carnegie Steel in 1901 • He merged it and other steel companies into US Steel in march 1901

Vertical Integration • Type of organization in which a company owns and controls the entire process of production from raw materials to manufacture and sale of finished product.

“Robber Barons” “Captains of Industry” • Wealthy entrepreneurs and businessmen during the Industrial Age • Made the U. S. extremely wealthy – referred to in a positive way as “Captains of Industry” • People underpaid, child labor, poor and unhealthy working conditions in order to make a profit – referred to as “Robber Barons” • Notable robber barons include Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller

Laissez-Faire • The idea that government would have a “hands-off” policy and would not regulate big Business • No Minimum Wage, No OSHA, No law against child labor, no regulatory commissions for safe and clean food.

Social Darwinism • Theory that grew out of Charles Darwin’s theory of biological evolution. • “survival of the fittest” Natural Selection • Social Darwinism was a theory created by Herbert Spencer to explain the evolution of human society. • This theory justified the disparity in wealth and encouraged unregulated competition and frowned on government regulation.

Thomas Edison • Wizard of Menlo park • Invented electric light bulb, motion pictures, phonograph, • Impacted American life.

SSUSH 12

Samuel Gompers - AFL • Founder of American Federation of Labor in 1886 • Used collective bargaining to negotiate with businesses for higher wages, better working conditions, etc.

• His refusal to return to the reservation in 1876 led to the campaign in which General George Armstrong Custer at the Battle of Little Big Horn, also knows as "Custer's Last Stand". • lived at the Standing Rock Agency. In 1889 a treaty was made reducing Sioux territory. Difficulties in the working of this, and religious excitement in connection with the Ghost Dance craze, led to an outbreak in 1890. • Rumors of a coming Indian Messiah who would defeat the whites, and Indian dissatisfaction at the disposition of their territory, created such great turmoil in 1889— 1890 that the US Army decided to arrest Sitting Bull as a precaution. Sitting Bull and three hundred Indians were killed at Wounded Knee Creek, and the Sioux were finally subdued. Chief Sitting Bull

1894 Pullman Strike • A good example of industrial unrest. • Turned into a violent strike against workers and management. • Ended when the federal government sent in troops.

Dawes Act • 1887 act of Congress aimed at breaking up traditional Indian life by promoting land ownership. • It divided up tribal lands into individual plots and Indians were encouraged to farm.

Helen Hunt Jackson • Wrote: A Century of Dishonor: A Sketch of the United State's Government's Dealings with Some of the Indian Tribes

Homestead Act • Legislation granting 160 acres of land to anyone who paid $10 fee and promised to live on and cultivate the land for 5 years • Its purpose was to encourage western migration

SSUSH 13

The Populist movement • Represented the farmer • Becomes a political party • Lobbied for increase in money supply, which would produce a rise in prices for goods and services. • Wanted a graduated income tax, election of senators by popular vote, • 8 hour work week, restrictions on immigration.

Planks in the Populist Party Platform Direct Election of U. S. Senators Secret Ballot Initiative Party bosses controlled state legislatures that elected representatives to the U. S. Senate. To limit this control, the Populists proposed allowing citizens to directly elect U. S. Senators. Privacy at the ballot box would ensure that citizens can cast votes without party bosses knowing how they voted. Would allow voters to petition state legislatures in order to consider a bill desired by citizens. Referendum Would Allow voters to decide if a bill or proposed amendment should be passed. Recall Would allow voters to petition to have an elected representative removed from office. Direct Primary Designed to ensure that voters select candidates to run for office, rather than party bosses.

Interstate Commerce Act • Regulated Railroad rates

3. Women’s Rights Movement o Purpose: To help women gain voting rights, schools for women, & new job opportunities o Leaders included: • • • Susan B. Anthony Lucretia Mott Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Carrie Chapman Catt • She joined the woman suffrage movement as a lecturer, was a delegate at the newly formed (NAWSA) National American Woman Suffrage Association.

Booker T. Washington • Founder of Tuskegee Normal & Industrial College • Encouraged blacks to seek technical training for jobs to be accepted into white culture. • Blamed black poverty on blacks and urged them to accept discrimination.

W. E. B. Du Bois • Criticized Washington’s ideas • Encouraged blacks to seek higher education and become leaders (lawyers, doctors, politicians, etc. ) so that they could fight discrimination in court and society. • Wanted immediate social and economic equality for African Americans

NAACP • National Association for the Advancement of Colored People • Aimed to full equality among the races. • W. E. B. Du Bois helped establish this group

Jim Crow Era • Laws passed from 1870 s to 1880’s in various states. • Took away newly won rights of African Americans- especially right to vote and segregation. • Examples: Poll tax, literacy test for voting, grandfather clause

Progressivism

Social Gospel Movement • Preached salvation through service to the poor. • Reformers such as Jane Addams and her Hull House of Chicago responded. • Encouraged government action and regulation of business and corrupt politics. • Encouraged social programs by the government

Jane Adams – Hull House • Immigrants learned how to read, write, and speak English. • Night school for adults, kindergarten classes for kids, clubs for older children, a public kitchen, • Music, drama, and labor preparation

Muckraker Thomas Nast Jacob Riis Ida B. Wells Work Political Cartoons How the Other Half Lives (1890) A Red Record (1895) Subject Political corruption by NYC's political machine, Tammany Hall, led by Boss Tweed. Living conditions of the urban poor; focused on tenements. Results Tweed was convicted of embezzlement and died in prison. NYC passed building codes to promote safety and health. NAACP joined the fight for Federal anti-lynching Provided statistics on the legislation. lynching of African. Americans.

Ida Tarbell

Upton Sinclair • Exposed the unsanitary methods used in the Chicago Meatpacking Industry. • Sinclair stated, “I aimed for the peoples hearts but hit their stomachs!’ • Theodore Roosevelt pushed for passage of the Meat Inspection Act after reading.

State Reforms Secret Ballot Initiative Referendum Recall Direct Primary Privacy at the ballot box ensures that citizens can cast votes without party bosses knowing how they voted. Allows voters to petition state legislatures in order to consider a bill desired by citizens. Allows voters to decide if a bill or proposed amendment should be passed. Allows voters to petition to have an elected representative removed from office. Ensures that voters select candidates to run for office, rather than party bosses.

Progressive Era Federal Legislation Newlands Reclamation Act Encouraged conservation by allowing the building of dams and irrigations systems using money from the sale of public lands. (1902) Elkins Act Outlawed the use of rebates by railroad officials or shippers. (1903) Pure Food and Drug Act Required that companies accurately label the ingredients contained in processed food items. (1906/1911) In direct response to Upton Sinclair's The Jungle, this law required that meat processing plants be inspected to ensure the use of good meat and health-minded procedures. Meat Inspection Act (1906)

Progressive Era Federal Legislation Cont… Hepburn Act (1906) Federal Reserve Act (1913) Clayton Antitrust Act (1914) Federal Trade Act (1914) Strengthened the Interstate Commerce Commission, allowing it to set maximum railroad rates. Created 12 district Federal Reserve Banks, each able to issue new currency and loan member banks funds at the prime interest rate, as established by the Federal Reserve Board. Strengthened the Sherman Antitrust Act by outlawing the creation of a monopoly through any means, and stated that unions were not subject to antitrust legislation. Established the Federal Trade Commission, charged with investigating unfair business practices including monopolistic activity and inaccurate product labeling.

Progressive Era Amendments 16 th (1913) Granted Congress the power to tax income. 17 th (1913) Provided for the direct election of U. S. Senators. 18 th (1919) Prohibited making, selling, or transporting alcohol. 19 th (1920) Provided women suffrage (voting).

Theodore Roosevelt • Preservation or • Fought in the Spanish Conservation of U. S. American War Natural resources. • Oversaw building of the Panama Canal • Led the Rough Riders at the Battle of San Juan Hill • Issued the Roosevelt Corollary (an extension of the Monroe Doctrine)

National Parks

SSUSH 14

Chinese Exclusion Act

Gentlemen’s Agreement