U S History EOC Review Notebook Celebrate Freedom

U. S. History EOC Review Notebook

Celebrate Freedom

Important Documents Declaration of Independence July 4, 1776 o Written by Thomas Jefferson o List of grievances against King George III of England o Defends right to separate from England with John Locke’s philosophy • Life, liberty, pursuit of happiness unalienable rights • “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created o equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness” U. S. Constitution Defines the roles of each branch of the government (legislative, executive, judicial) o Bill of Rights • First 10 amendments • Protects people from the abuse of power of the federal government o

Signers of the Declaration of Independence Charles Carroll: helped finance the American Revolution Benjamin Rush: served as the Surgeon General of the Continental Army, supporter of public education, temperance, and the abolition of slavery, “Father of American Medicine” John Hancock: signed the Declaration of Independence so that the King of England could see it (bold move) John Witherspoon: only clergyman to sign the Declaration of Independence, active member of the committees of correspondence

Founding Fathers John Peter Muhlenberg: minister who supported the Revolution by serving in and helping enlist men in the Revolutionary Army, part of the “Black Regiment” (ministers who helped recruit men for the army) John Jay: contributed to the Federalist Papers, served the country as the first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court Jonathan Trumbull Sr. : only colonial governor to support the colonists during the American Revolution including giving Washington’s army supplies

Alexis de Tocqueville French philosopher who came to America to observe and democracy in action o Found America to be an exceptional example of democracy 5 values critical to America's success as a constitutional republic: o Liberty: Most people believe in the right to be free, as long as another's rights aren't abused. o Egalitarianism: society of equals, no hereditary distinction of social classes like in Europe o Individualism: individual's rights are valued above those of the state (government); individual initiative and responsibility are strongly encouraged o Populism: participation of common people in political life o Laissez Faire: belief that the government should not interfere in economic affairs of the country “hands off”

National Mottos “E Pluribus Unum”- out of many [comes] one o Uniting of many different states as one country o First used by the Continental Congress when forming the country “In god we trust” – national motto as of 1954, from the Star Spangled Banner, printed on all money

Eras in U. S. History

Overview 1877 1890 1910 1930 1950 1970 1990 2014 “Present Day” = Gilded Age = Progressive Era = World War I = Roaring 20 s = Great Depression = World War II = Cold War = Civil Rights

Key Dates- Turning Points 1898 Spanish American War o 1914 -1918 World War I o October 29, Stock Market crash - “Black Tuesday” 1939 -1945 World War II o US enters in 1917 1929 Beginning of the Great Depression o America becomes a world power US enters in 1941 1957 Soviet Union Launches Sputnik o Beginning of the space race 1968 -69 Martin Luther King, Jr. assassination and man lands on moon 1991 End of the Cold War 2001 terrorist attacks on World Trade Center and Pentagon 2008 election of President Obama

Closing of the Frontier 1877 -1890

Characteristics Conflict between the farmers and ranchers Beginnings of populism and farm issues Indian Policies Growth of railroads

Westward Expansion Improved American economy o Homestead Act 1862 – government gave free land to settlers to move West. o o o Increased agricultural products (corn, wheat, fruit) Farmers on Great Plains lived in sod houses, used barbed-wire fences and steel plows. By using these things they adapted to their environments! More land in the frontier claimed by farmers, less open space Requirement was to live on land for 5 years to improve it Conflict over expansion westward as demand for land increased, especially in the Great Plains o o Cattle industry and cattle drives Farming Subsistence farming- enough goods for your family Market oriented agriculture/economy- farm for profit Alaska (very westward expansion) o Klondike Gold Rush

Native Americans Demand for land in the west pushed Native Americans out o o o Started with Indian Removal Act (President Jackson) Native Americans placed on Reservations Reservation lands were unproductive and led to poor health/death US government killed almost all buffalo that the Plains Indians relied on to remove Indians Several Indian Battles with U. S. Army o Wounded Knee – last Indian/U. S. Army battle Dawes Act – government gave land in exchange Indians had to give up tribal life, young children go to American schools, speak English and give up tribal dress (assimilate (make similar) to white culture) American Indian Citizenship Act of 1924 – granted immediate citizenship to all Native American Indians born in the United States

Farm Issues Upset about railroad and shipping costs (monopoly) Formed Populist Party (3 rd political party) o Platform: • bimetallism (gold and silver on the currency system) • graduated income tax • Government ownership of the telephone, the telegraph, and railroad o Represented interests of farmers and laborers 1896 Election o William Jennings Bryan (Dem) adopted Populist ideas into his platform including free silver (bimetallism) o William Mc. Kinley (Rep) supported gold only, winner

Gilded Age About 1877 -1900

Characteristics Growth of railroads Growth of political machines Civil service reform Growth of big business Growth of labor unions Change from farming economy to industrial economy Immigration

Railroads First big business in the U. S. Created significant improvements to U. S. transportation in LATE 1800 s!! (19 TH CENTURY) o Transported goods to markets o Increased availability and variety of consumer goods Transcontinental Railroad o Connected the country Government provided land grants to develop railroads in the west o Less land available for people on the frontier

Politics Political Machines o Local/city government organization • Ex. Tammany Hall (NYC) - Led by Boss Tweed o Usually held power for an extended period of time o Gained votes by: • Improving urban infrastructure • Finding jobs, housing, etc. for immigrants • Bribing… Civil Service Reform (change) o Pendleton Civil Service Act • Merit based system to hire for government jobs • Applicants had to take a test • Replaced spoils system which awarded jobs to friends or those who contributed money to political campaigns

Industrialization – massive increase in production of goods, increase in factories o o Factories o o o hired child workers and immigrants because they would work for less money Women also worked in factories Terrible working conditions Urbanization – migration of people from the rural areas to urban areas in search of jobs, due to industrialization o Led to people moving to cities (urbanization) Created low paying jobs for low skilled workers Problems: overcrowding, spread of disease, lack of sewage and garbage management Social gospel o o o a movement in response to the conditions brought about from industrialization and rapid urbanization Tried to resolve issues like poverty, unemployment, civil rights, pollution, drug addiction, political corruption, and gun control Mainly led by ministers and priests

Inventions during Industrialization Telegraph and Telephone – sped up communications in U. S. Light bulb (electricity) – created industrial growth because factories can run at night. Electric Elevator – Multi level buildings could be built. Steel – led to skyscrapers because of lack of land in urban (cities) areas. o Bessemer steel process- cheaper and easier to produce steel

Growth of Big Business Entrepreneurs - o o Andrew Carnegie (steel) John D. Rockefeller (oil) J. P. Morgan (banking) Some wealthy entrepreneurs gave part of their wealth to charities and causes • Philanthropy – giving money to make life better for people (i. e. Carnegie donating money for public libraries) Monopoly – one company controls the supply of a product or service o o o Leads to more profits Less choice for consumers; consumers are forced to buy products from only one company Also referred to as Trusts Laissez faire – Government is “hands off” when it comes to business. Government lets the economy run without any regulations (rules). Free Enterprise – consumer demand determines what is produced, producers’ motivation is profit, same as market economy

Labor Unions Organizations of workers, usually of a certain trade (job) designed to fight for workers’ rights o o Knights of Labor – skilled and unskilled workers American Federation of Labor (AFL) – skilled workers, led by Samuel Gompers Unions grew rapidly in the late 1800 s because of growth in industry. Big businesses took advantage of their workers o Labor Unions wanted o o Even used child laborers because they were a source of cheap labor better pay better hours safer conditions Collective bargaining They organized strikes to protest injustices in factories. o Labor strikes were not effective because unskilled workers could be easily replaced with new workers.

Immigration (1890 -1910) Chinese & Europeans came looking for jobs because of Industrial Revolution o In search of “American Dream”, believed they could make a better life for themselves and their family in America Most lived in cities in ethnic neighborhoods “enclaves” (ex. Little Italy, Chinatown) Chinese worked on railroads, arrived at Angel Island Overcrowding in cities led to them living in tenements (crowded apartment building) Worked in sweatshops and usually worked for less money than other workers

Immigration (1890 -1910) Nativism – anti-immigration; believe American born is good and foreign born are bad o Increase in social tension due to diversity o Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 – closed off immigration of Chinese to America for the next 60 years Old Immigrants - Ireland, Scotland, England, Germany New Immigrants - Southern & Eastern Europe (Italy, Poland, etc. ) Hull House- a place for the urban poor created by Jane Addams o provided daycare for children, taught immigrants English o Helped to assimilate immigrants

Progressive Era

Progressive Era (18901920) People were concerned about society (urban poor, immigrants) and wanted to change (make progress) Progressive Party (Bull Moose) o Organized to promote and encourage reforms o Major candidate: Theodore Roosevelt o Divided the Republican vote in the election of 1912 which made Wilson win the presidency

Progressive Era Reforms Amendments: o 16 th Amendment – income tax o 17 th Amendment – direct election of Senators o 18 th Amendment – prohibition (no alcohol) o 19 th Amendment – women’s suffrage (right to vote)

Progressive Era Reforms (cont. ) Political Changes: o Secret Ballot – privacy when voting, ensures that citizens can cast votes without political bosses knowing how they voted. o Initiative – citizens can propose a law to be placed on a ballot o Referendum – vote on an initiative o Recall – public official can be removed from office by popular vote, makes officials more accountable to public Environmental Changes: o National Park Service – created in 1916 to manage the National Park System. National Parks are designed to conserve natural resources and protect them from commercial development (houses, Walmart)

Economic Reforms Many reforms were put in place by the government to regulate businesses, especially big trusts, and the economy after the “laissez faire” period during the Gilded Age o Interstate Commerce Act – the federal government has the ability to regulate all aspects of interstate commerce, setup the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC). o Sherman Anti-Trust Act 1890 – prohibited monopolies or any business that prevented fair competition, largely ineffective o Clayton Anti-Trust Act – Strengthened the Sherman Antitrust Act by outlawing the creation of a monopoly through any means, and stated that unions were not subject to antitrust legislation. o Meat Inspection Act – Required that meat processing plants be inspected to ensure quality and sanitary conditions, direct response to Upton Sinclair's The Jungle o Pure Food and Drug Act – Required that companies accurately label the ingredients contained in their products o Federal Reserve Act of 1913 – Created 12 district Federal Reserve Banks, each able to issue “fiat” money (paper currency), emergence of monetary policy

Important Reformers Muckrakers – investigative reporters who exposed government corruption and abuses of big business o Upton Sinclair – wrote The Jungle, exposed conditions in meat packing plants. Led to Meat Inspection Act. o Ida B. Wells – Provided statistics on the lynching of African-Americans in A Red Record. As a result NAACP joined the fight for federal anti-lynching legislation Susan B. Anthony – leader of the women’s suffrage movement, actions led to the 19 th Amendment W. E. B. Du. Bois – founder of NAACP, called for immediate extension of rights to blacks so they could vote, take advantage of education, and use public facilities Francis Willard – leader of WCTU (Women’s Christian Temperance Union), pushed for less alcohol in society to help women and children

America as a World Power

Expansionism -1890’s Expansionism – extension of American influence and control over other peoples and territories o Imperialism – U. S. conquers weaker nations, becomes world power U. S. expands role in world affairs because of territory gained in the Pacific Ocean o Hawaii overthrow of Queen and the natives by the United States • Wanted a naval station, Pearl Harbor, • gave US better access to markets in Asia o Guam acquired through Spanish American War (Treaty of Paris 1898) • becomes a US territory o Philippines acquired through Spanish American War (Treaty of Paris 1898) • US sets up new government and occupies for several years US also acquired Puerto Rico through Spanish American War (Treaty of Paris 1898) o o Still maintains as a US territory Eventually Puerto Ricans become U. S. citizens

Influential people in American Expansion Alfred Thayer Mahan o o Henry Cabot Lodge o o senator from Massachusetts Supported American expansion as a way to increase national pride, spread civilization, and gain world power. Supported the Panama Canal and American coaling stations and naval bases in the Pacific Supported a strong navy Sanford B. Dole o o encouraged U. S. to strengthen its naval power to become a world power. Influence of Sea Power Upon History Established business in Hawaii 1 st provisional governor of Hawaii Missionaries o o Traveled to new countries to spread Christianity Moral calling to “less civilized” countries

Presidents and American Expansion Theodore Roosevelt o o Served as a Rough Rider in the Spanish American War Roosevelt Corollary - statement that redefined America’s role in the world as an international police power • Believed in American superiority Supported the growth of the navy- Great White Fleet Authorized the American construction of the Panama Canal • reduced shipping costs and time from the West Coast to the East Coast of • o “Speak softly and carry a big stick” William Taft – “Dollar Diplomacy” o the U. S. problems with Canal - tropical environment (yellow fever, malaria), swampy land, rockslides, created with lock system to raise and lower ships. Support American businesses in other countries, especially in Latin America Woodrow Wilson – “Moral Diplomacy” educate and keep peace in Latin America

Panama Canal

Spanish American War (1898) Spain vs. Cuba & U. S. Fought in Cuba and Philippines US fought for independence in Cuba and Philippines from Spain Causes: 1. De. Lome Letter - Spanish called Mc. Kinley “weak” 2. U. S. S. Maine - exploded in Havana Harbor in Cuba (by Spain? ) 3. Yellow Journalism - sensational news stories Rough Riders - cavalry (horses) unit o San Juan Hill- victory for U. S. in war U. S. navy traveled to Manila Bay (Philippines) and defeated Spanish Treaty of Paris (1899) o o ended Spanish American War U. S. gets Guam, Philippines, Puerto Rico as territories • New markets for U. S. trade

World War I 1914 -1918* *US Enters 1917

World War I (1914 -1918) Causes of World War I o o o Militarism Alliances Imperialism Nationalism Immediate cause assassination of Archduke Ferdinand (Austria. Hungary) by a Serbian nationalist Two Sides: o Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey o Allied Powers: Britain, Russia, Serbia, France, U. S. (1917) Lusitania (1915)- British passenger liner, German u-boats sank it, 128 Americans killed. Americans angered, but not ready to go to war.

World War I (cont. ) Reasons U. S. enters 1917: o Zimmerman Telegram: Germany tried to get Mexico to invade U. S. o Unrestricted submarine warfare by German U-Boats American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) o Led by General John J. Pershing • Organized inexperienced troops into an effective military o Participated in the last major offensive of the war • Battle of Argonne Forest- many Americans died, but led to the surrender of Germany Armistice, ending the war, signed on Nov. 1918

World War I (cont. ) Trench warfare was fought along Western Frontier Stalemate – neither side advancing in a war New technology in WWI led to a stalemate and a war of attrition (lots of casualties) o Machine Guns o Tanks o Airplanes o Poison gas

World War I (con’t) Home front: o US enlarged the military through a draft - Selective Service Act o Propaganda used to obtain support for the war (i. e. o o Huns/Germans are BAD, going to destroy the world, etc. ) U. S. citizens encouraged to buy liberty bonds Asked to ration food and supplies Women took men’s place in factories Espionage and Sedition Acts • Made it illegal to obstruct the draft or speak out against the government • People thought it violated the 1 st amendment

Effects of World War I Fourteen Points o o o Treaty of Versailles o o o Written by President Woodrow Wilson Goal prevent future wars Proposed the creation of the League of Nations • League of Nations = international organization to maintain world peace ended WWI Germany had to pay war reparations and accept sole responsibility for war. Led to the rise of Hitler and WWII. Created the League of Nations U. S. does NOT sign the Treaty • U. S. didn’t accept League of Nations, opposition led by Senator Henry Cabot Lodge • International organization could limit US ability and choice to act Domestic Response o o “Return to Normalcy” in U. S. after World War I Isolationism & Neutrality Stayed out of most international issues, including the League of Nations

Roaring 20’s

Social Issues of the 1920 s Nativist, Anti-immigrant sentiments in America o The Red Scare • Fear of communists and anarchists, mostly immigrants o Palmer Raids – round up of over 4, 000 suspected anarchists after bombings o National Origins Act 1924 - U. S. limits immigrants, sets a quota (allowance) for each country, especially against “new immigrants” o Resurgence of the KKK o Sacco and Vanzetti – anarchists and Italian immigrants sentenced to death for murder, were not given a fair trial. Prohibition - 18 th amendment o alcohol production, consumption, and sales were prohibited o Bootlegger, Volstead Act – terms associated with smuggling liquor. o organized crime increased (mafia) o Speakeasies - illegal bars o 21 st amendment overturned Prohibition

Social Issues of the 1920 s (cont. ) Conflict between old (traditional) and new (modern) values o Scopes Trial - evolution case, “monkey trial” • William Jennings Bryan - expert witness for prosecution • Clarence Darrow - defense attorney for Mr. Scopes o Role of women • Flappers– change attitudes for women, clothing, hairstyles New Ideas o Social Darwinism – human races compete for survival just like animals, the fittest will survive o Eugenics – belief that humans could be strategically bred to improve the race, superior parents= even better children, link to Social Darwinism

Key People of the 1920’s Charles Lindbergh – 1 st to fly solo over Atlantic Ocean from NY to Paris in “Spirit of St. Louis” (plane), American hero. Henry Ford – introduced assembly line production to automobiles (Model T cars) Assembly line- each person has a specific task in the production of a good o Caused mass (and fast) production of goods, lower costs, and increased sales o Glenn Curtiss – the Father of Naval Aviation; the U. S. Navy’s Curtiss NC-4 Flying Boat became the first aircraft to successfully cross the Atlantic Ocean, designed a boat to take off and land on water Marcus Garvey – established the Universal Negro Improvement Association, wanted to foster worldwide unity among all Africans, also promoted the “Back-to-Africa Movement” which encouraged African Americans to return to Africa

Culture of the Roaring 20’s (1920 s) Talkies – movies Tin Pan Alley – in New York City, area where songwriters developed American pop music in a variety of styles- blues, jazz, ragtime Harlem Renaissance - African Americans enter into mainstream arts (literature, jazz, etc. ) o Langston Hughes- poet

Great Migration 19101930 Movement of 1. 3 million African Americans out of the South to Northern, Mid-Western and Western states. Reasons: o Racial violence and discrimination o Mechanization of cotton production o Demand for labor in cities, especially during war time

Economics of the 1920 s Republican Presidents during 1920 s o Warren Harding 1920 • “return to normalcy”- turning away from international efforts and away from the programs of the Progressive Era (cost too much money). • Teapot dome scandal – cabinet member leased oil from government land to friends in exchange for bribes, one of many scandals that tainted Harding’s reputation o Calvin Coolidge 1924 o Herbert Hoover 1928 Presidents supported lower taxes, high import tariffs, and more laissez faire attitude toward businesses Installment buying (credit) by American consumers increased because of advertising, this contributed to the Great Depression. o Era of mass consumption

Great Depression & New Deal

Great Depression (19291941) Causes: o o o Stock market crashes (October 29, 1929) Stock bought on credit hoping to sell it for a profit later (speculation) High tariffs on imported goods hurt trade with other countries Over production of consumer goods Monetary policy of the Federal Reserve System Dust Bowl - drought in Great Plains caused dust storms and farmers to migrate to California in the 1930 s (The Grapes of Wrath, John Steinbeck). Effects: o o Hoovervilles (makeshift shelters, slums) High unemployment Bank failures Deportation of European and Mexican immigrants Presidents: o o Herbert Hoover (1928 -1933) - did not think that it was the role of the federal government to help Franklin Roosevelt (1933 -1945)

The New Deal – Franklin D. Roosevelt’s plan to help Americans during the Great Depression. o Fireside chats - FDR spoke to nation on radio about the Depression and WWII, calmed their fears Programs: o o o Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) – protects people’s money in banks STILL EXISTS TODAY Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) – regulates the stock market STILL EXISTS TODAY Social Security Administration – insurance/retirement for elderly, government responsible for people’s economic welfare, STILL EXISTS TODAY Federal Housing Administration (FHA) – helps people obtain mortgage loans from banks STILL EXISTS TODAY Work Programs (i. e. Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), Works Progress Administration (WPA), Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)) • Created job opportunities for people • Improved infrastructure across America– dams created, electricity for rural areas

The New Deal (cont. ) Eleanor Roosevelt – first lady, encouraged women to pull their families through the great depression Court Packing Plan- FDR tries to enlarge the Supreme Court to protect the New Deal violated constitutional principle of separation of powers o Action blocked by Congress o Impact of New Deal and Great Depression Americans look to federal government for solutions to economic problems. o Federal government becomes more involved than EVER in everyday lives of Americans. o FDR’s presidency led to the 22 nd Amendment – established term limits for presidents (2) Depression ends during WWII because military production during the war created jobs which increased the economic growth in the U. S.

World War II 1939 -1945* *US Enters 1941

Causes of World War II (1939 -1945) Rise of Dictators and their take over of other countries (Axis Powers) o Germany • Adolf Hitler • Appeasement- France and Britain give in to Germany when they violate the Treaty of Versailles • invades Poland 1939, starts WWII • Holocaust o Italy • Benito Mussolini • Ordered the invasion of Ethiopia o Japan • Hideki Tojo • Invades Manchuria for natural resources Reason U. S. enters in 1941: o Pearl Harbor - December 7, 1941 • Japanese kamikaze pilots attack U. S. Navy in Hawaii • “…a day that will live in infamy…” • Franklin Roosevelt asks congress to declare war on Japan

Military Leaders of World War II Allied Powers and Leaders o o o Great Britain– Winston Churchill USSR – Joseph Stalin United States – Franklin Roosevelt & Harry Truman (1945) Dwight Eisenhower – U. S. Commander during D-Day Omar Bradley – led the first American troops to land in France (D-Day) Douglas Mac. Arthur – commander of the U. S. army in the Pacific Chester A. Nimitz – Commander-in-Chief of U. S. Pacific Fleet (navy), commander at Battle of Midway George Marshall – Chief of Staff in Washington D. C. George Patton – U. S. commander in North Africa and Italy Vernon J. Baker – Congressional Medal of Honor recipient

Military Events of World War II The United States fought on multiple fronts European Front o Invasion of Normandy “D-Day”– June 6, 1944 • Germans believed this attack would not occur because of strong currents, poor weather conditions, and inadequate harbors. • Opened 2 nd major front in Europe & liberated France from Nazis Battle of the Bulge o Liberation of Concentration Camps (Holocaust) o Pacific Front Island Hopping- strategy of the US to fight only on strategic Islands in Pacific to push back the Japanese and liberate the islands, faster way to get close to Japan o Battle of Midway – turning point for U. S, Japanese navy suffers major defeat. o Bataan Death march • Japanese troops forced US soldiers to march through the jungles of the Philippines, many o Americans died o Atomic Bombs – used to end the war in the Pacific, Truman dropped bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki (Japan)

Domestic Response to World War II “The Home Front” Japanese Internment o o o U. S. Office of War Information o o Many women worked in male dominated jobs. Rosie the Riveter (nickname) Mandatory rationing of food and supplies for war. o o Produced pro-Allied anti-Axis propaganda Informed citizens on how to help the war effort Increased opportunity for employment for women and minorities o o Executive Order 9066 - Gave U. S. right to intern (prison) German, Italian, and Japanese Americans during World War II due to Presidential Order. Only-Japanese Americans were relocated into camps after Pearl Harbor to protect U. S. from potential spies Civil rights v. National Security? Ensured the fair distribution of scarce goods Victory Gardens- people grew their own fruits and vegetables War Bonds

Domestic Response to World War II “The Home Front” High levels of military enlistment Tuskegee Airmen – African American pilots who escorted bombers, their participation decreased opposition to integrating the armed forces Flying Tigers – American volunteer fighter pilots who sent supplies to China and attack Japanese planes Navajo Code Talkers – American forces used Navajo Indians to create codes in their language to communicate important messages, Japanese could not break the code Manhattan Project Secret project to develop the Atomic Bomb o Lab at Los Alamos in New Mexico o G. I. Bill (Servicemen’s Readjustment Act of 1944) – law that gives military veterans financial and educational benefits.

Cold War 1945 -1991

Characteristics U. S. vs. Soviet Union Democratic vs. Communist Arms race (nuclear weapons) Space Race Fought over sphere of influence

Response to Soviet Aggression Truman Doctrine (1947) – created containment policy, U. S. will aid nations resisting communism (Greece and Turkey) Marshall Plan (1948) – U. S. sends $17 billion to Western Europe to help rebuild after World War II and stop those countries from becoming communist, very successful Berlin Airlift (1948) – Soviets blockade roads to West Berlin. U. S. airlifts supplies to city, Soviets back down, leads to the creation of NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)(1949) – military alliance to protect Western Europe from communism and Soviet aggression. Each member nation is committed to the defense of all other member nations. MUTUAL DEFENSE!!

Response to Soviet Aggression Bay of Pigs (1961) – failed invasion of Cuba planned by the U. S. , led to Castro seeking a friendship with the Soviets for protection. Cuban Missile Crisis (October 1962) – JFK-U. S. , Fidel Castro. Cuba, Khrushchev-Soviet Union. Soviet Union builds nuclear missile launch pads in Cuba to launch at U. S. cities (except Seattle, too far). U. S. institutes naval blockade of missiles entering into Cuba. Ends peacefully.

Cold War at Home Red Scare/ “Mc. Carthyism” o Senator Joseph Mc. Carthy o “Witch hunt” in the government and Hollywood for communists o HUAC Committee (House Un-American Activities Committee) • Special congressional committee to hear those accused of being communist o Venona Papers • Report that identified Americans that spied for the Soviet Union in the 1940 s Arms Race (nuclear) o Soviet Union and USA in competition for most nuclear bombs produced o Massive Retaliation/Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD) – policy where one attack by either side would result in complete destruction of the other o Increase in defense spending led to growth in the economy Space Race o Sputnik I (1957) - Soviet Union satellite, 1 st launched in space. • In response, U. S. created NASA, National Def. Education Fund which emphasized science and math education

Korean War (1950 -1953) Korea o North- communist, invades South to unite as one communist country o South- democratic U. S. steps in to prevent the spread of communism (containment) o First use of military to support containment o Stalemate for several years U. S. and North Korea sign an armistice (cease fire) but no official peace treaty o War ends and no boundaries change o 38 th parallel Dividing line before the war and after the war

Vietnam War (1963 -1975) U. S. Reason for helping: Domino Theory- S. E. Asia policy- U. S. fears if one country falls to communism, they all will fall. (i. e. Vietnam falls, Cambodia falls, Laos falls, rest of SE Asia countries fall) o Containment o North Vietnam- (Vietcong)- communist South Vietnam- democratic The War: o o o Gulf of Tonkin Resolution- Congress gives LBJ a blank check to escalate military operations • Power shift from Congress to the President Slow escalation of forces – did not send a lot of troops in the beginning Ho Chi Minh Trail - supplies transported from North to South Tet Offensive- major victory for U. S. in Vietnam, public opinion of war is still low Vietnamization - policy under Richard Nixon to transfer the responsibility of fighting from American troops to the South Vietnamese troops Fall of Saigon – after vietnamization, the capital of South Vietnam falls to the communists, end of Vietnam War

Vietnam War– Home Front Anti-War Movement Protests spurred by many events, especially draft being used for first time since World War II o Public support in U. S. declined for war in late 1960 s. Mainly because of TV coverage of war. o LBJ said US winning the war but media showed a different side led to Credibility Gap and lack of trust in the government o Silent Majority - group that supported the war, Nixon said they were a majority of Americans 26 th amendment - guarantees right to vote for 18 year olds or older, prompted by Vietnam War Powers Act – passed in 1973 that limits the President’s right to send troops into battle without Congressional approval. o Congress taking away power from the President

1950 s & 60 s

1950 s Society Baby Boom – Period from the end of WWII through the mid-1960 s marked by unusually high birth rates. Growth of business and increased consumption of goods o Good for the middle class Growth of suburbs – Communities built on the outskirts of major cities (i. e. Mesquite). Levittown was the first suburb. Highways Act of 1956 authorized the construction of highways, suburbs increased. o Eminent domain – government can take private property for government programs but must pay the owner for that land (protected by the 5 th Amendment) o Jonas Salk – developed the vaccine for Polio, limited the spread of infectious diseases

1950 s Culture (cont. ) Beat Generation – literature movement that rejected conformity (everyone the same) of the 1950 s o Started by Allen Ginsberg and Jack Kerouac o People who participated known as “beatniks” Rock and Roll – popular music of the 1950 s, contributed to a cultural divide between young people and old people (between generations) o Popular artists: Chuck Berry, Elvis Presley, Little Richard Chicano Mural Movement – Mexican artists painted murals throughout the southwest, inspired by Mexican muralists of the 1930 s, helped to create a cultural identity

1960 s Society Counter-culture o Period of anti-conformity o Many people participating in protests or movements o Drug experimentation o Woodstock o Hippies

Civil Rights

Characteristics Groups protest against injustices o Many groups represent minorities- African Americans, women, migrant farm workers, Mexican Americans African Americans achieve political rights in U. S. Usually takes time for change to happen

History 13 th Amendment – Free slaves 14 th Amendment – Citizenship rights for freed slaves 15 th Amendment – Black males can vote 19 th Amendment – Women’s suffrage

Political Organizations Promoted Civil Rights Organizations for African American Rights o NAACP – sought to gain civil rights for blacks, founded by WEB Du. Bois o Black Panthers – armed militant group, did not support nonviolent methods o SCLC – Southern Christian Leadership Coalition United Farm Workers LULAC

Civil Rights Movement Segregation: o Literary test - blacks in South had to pass before voting o Jim Crow Laws - segregation of public places in the South legal (ex. black drinking fountain and white drinking fountain) Events: o Little Rock Central High School - in Arkansas, 9 African Americans o o o went to school with whites, violence erupted Montgomery Bus Boycott March on Washington March from Selma to Montgomery 1963 Birmingham, AL protests sparked police to turn fire hoses and attack dogs on civil rights protesters. JFK declared it was time for federal gov’t to take action. Sit-ins

Key Leaders during the Civil Rights Movements Martin Luther King, Jr. – Civil Rights leader, non-violence (followed Mohandas Gandhi's example). Assassinated in 1968. o o Southern Christian Leadership Conference played a large role in the Civil Rights Movement “I have a Dream” speech and “Letter from Birmingham Jail” Malcolm X – Black Muslim leader who influenced Black Power movement. Assassinated in 1965. Rosa Parks – wouldn’t give up her seat in bus, led to Montgomery Bus boycott. Cesar Chavez – organizer of the United Farm Workers union to protect the rights of migrant farm workers Dolores Huerta – worked with Cesar Chavez to protect the rights of migrant farm workers, given the Medal of Freedom in 2012 Hector P. Garcia – used non violent protest to bring attention to the Mexican American civil rights movement Betty Friedan – wrote The Feminine Mystique, challenged the traditional role of women and said that women and men could do the same jobs

Political Actions for Civil Rights Desegregation of the Military Civil Rights Act of 1957 – created the Civil Rights Commission, gave federal courts the right to help register African American voters Civil Rights Act of 1964 – segregation was outlawed in public facilities (hotels, restaurants, etc. ), employment discrimination illegal Voting Rights Act (1965) – suspended literacy tests used by some states to prevent African Americans from voting. 24 th amendment- bans poll taxes

Court Cases to Defend Civil Rights Mendez v. Westminster (1947)– declared segregated schools by race in California illegal. This court case provided a precedent used in Brown v. Board of Education. o Delgado v. Bastrop ISD (1948)– based on decision in Mendez case, ruled that segregation of Mexican American students in Texas was illegal Sweatt v. Painter (1950) – Supreme court ruled that the creation of a separate law school for African Americans at UT did not qualify as “separate but equal” because the resources, facilities and other factors were so different from the UT law school Brown v. Board of Education(1954) - ended segregation, whites and blacks go to the same school. Overturned Plessy case. o Thurgood Marshall successfully argued before the Supreme Court. o Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)- created separate but equal facilities for races, made segregation legal

More Court Cases to Defend Civil Rights Hernandez v. Texas (1954) – court decided that juries needed to be diverse and that Mexican Americans were entitled as a class to protection under the 14 th Amendment, Hernandez was originally convicted of murder by an all white jury Miranda v. Arizona (1965) – established that those accused of a crime and arrested must be made aware of their constitutional rights White v. Regester (1973) – Texas could not draw congressional districts that would discriminate against certain voters Edgewood ISD v. Kirby (1984) – lawsuit in Texas that resulted in a more equal school finance system (i. e. Highland Park students should have similar funding as a small 1 A

Other Court Cases for Civil Rights Tinker v. Des Moines (1969) – students protested Vietnam War by wearing armbands and were suspended because it was against dress code, supreme court said it was a violation of their 1 st amendment right to free speech Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972) – court decided Amish students did not have to attend school after 8 th grade because it would violate their freedom of religion protected by the 1 st amendment

Government Programs to Help Civil Rights Great Society – created by LBJ, established social welfare programs such as Head Start, Medicaid, Medicare, Job Corps o Helped underprivileged but cost a lot of money for the government Affirmative action – federal program to try to equalize opportunities for minorities especially in employment o Sometimes can result in reverse discrimination Title IX – federal program to equalize athletic opportunities in schools for males and females o i. e. Big XII does not have men’s soccer to balance enough female teams

1970 s & 80 s

Interactions in the Middle East Camp David Accords (1978) – agreements between Israel and Egypt that ended 30 years of warfare, the first treaty between Israel and any of its Arab neighbors Iran Hostage Crisis (1979) – Iranian revolutionaries stormed the U. S. embassy in Tehran after the United States refused to release the Shah back to Iran for trial US allowed ousted leader (Shah) in for cancer treatment, cost Carter his presidency o part of the Iranian Revolution o Marines in Lebanon (1983) – U. S. Marines sent to restore order after a civil war, suicide bomber attacked their barracks resulting in 241 deaths Iran-Contra Affair (1985) – US government sold weapons to Iran to secure the release of hostages in Lebanon and secretly sent the money made from weapon sales to the Contras leading a revolution in Nicaragua, the US government did this without proper approval

Politics -- End of the Cold War Nixon o Détente – relaxation of tensions with the USSR o China – reestablished diplomatic relationship with China (communist), used triangular diplomacy to play Russia off China, 1 st president to open relationship with China since they fell to communism, saw the opportunity for trade o Watergate – CREEP employees broke into the Watergate Hotel to gain information about the democratic campaign, Nixon helped to cover up the incident resulting in a scandal and his resignation from office • Because of Watergate and Vietnam, people began to lose trust in the government Carter o Oil embargo (OPEC) – US supported Israel during a war in the 1970 s, OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) stopped sending oil to the U. S. which resulted in high gas prices o Camp David Accords

Reagan Reaganomics – economic policy of Reagan, tax cuts and federal deregulation would help money would trickle down to the rest of the public and help the economy grow, also known as “supply side economics” Peace through Strength – US could maintain peace by making the military as strong as possible, increased military spending Appointment of Sandra Day O’Connor o First woman Supreme Court justice Marines in Lebanon Iran-Contra Affair

Societal issues of the 70 s 80 s Creation of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) – protects the environment by setting standards/limits for pollution, chemical disposal, etc. Endangered Species Act – requires the government to list animals and plants that are at risk of extinction and protect them Rust belt to sun belt migration – fewer jobs and businesses in NE USA led people to move to South for jobs and cheaper land o Rust belt = north east, primarily known for steel production o Sun belt = southern and southwestern United States Community Reinvestment Act of 1977 – required banks to loan money in same communities where they operated, tried

Conservative Movement 1980 s & 90 s Barry Goldwater – republican candidate in 1964, revived conservatism briefly until the 1980 s Definition – movement in the country to return to both political and social conservatism (i. e. Smaller government, lower taxes, more moral values, stark contrast to the counterculture) Moral Majority – mostly fundamentalist Christians, wanted to restore traditional American values, supported Reagan Billy Graham – evangelical Christian leader, spread the word of Christianity to more people than anyone in history Heritage Foundation – “think tank” that promotes conservative ideas and values, lobbying group Phyllis Schlafly – critical of the Women’s Liberation Movement and the Equal Rights Amendment for women National Rifle Association (NRA) – organization to protect people’s 2 nd amendment right to bear arms, supported Reagan, lobbying group Contract with America (1994) – plan by Republicans led by Newt Gingrich including tax cuts, a line-item veto, measures to reduce crime, and constitutional amendments requiring term limits and a balanced budget, most items passed

Contemporary 1990 -present

Foreign Policy 1991 End of the Cold War Persian Gulf War – Iraq (Saddam Hussein) invades Kuwait over oil issue, U. S. and allies protect Kuwait and push Iraq out, very short war because of US military technology Balkans Crisis – ethnic cleansings in Bosnia and Kosovo, U. S. led NATO intervention to bring peace and stop genocide 9/11 o o Coordinated attack by al-Qaeda (fundamentalist terrorists) on the United States Resulted in the destruction of the World Trade Center (twin towers) in NYC and part of the Pentagon by commercial airplanes War on Terror o o Goals – to disrupt and end terrorist activities around the world, to prevent future attacks on the United States Afghanistan Iraq USA PATRIOT Act of 2001– gives government more freedom to investigate U. S. citizens’ private communication to protect the country against terrorism

Politics Advocacy organizations or “interest groups” – groups that support special interests, sometimes participate in lobbying (hiring people to speak to representatives to persuade them to support their interest) o AARP people age 50+, retirees o AMA represent doctors Clinton Impeachment – accused of perjury and obstruction of justice related to an inappropriate relationship with an intern Monica Lewinsky 2000 election o George Bush (R) v. Al Gore (D) o 3 rd party candidate – Ralph Nader (Green Party) • Held similar views to democrats, therefore split the democratic vote o Controversy over voting in Florida Ultimately decided by Supreme Court that Bush won Florida

Politics (cont. ) Hillary Clinton o Attempt at health care reform in 1993 o Ran for president in 2008 o Served as Secretary of State for Obama’s first term 2008 election o Barack Obama (D) v. John Mc. Cain (R) o Election of first African American president o Oprah – influential business and media leader, supported Obama Sonia Sotomayor – first Hispanic Supreme Court justice, appointed by Obama

Economics General Agreement of Tariffs and Trade (GATT) – limited trade tariffs (taxes) between major countries North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) – Tariff (tax) free trade agreement between U. S. , Mexico, and Canada o Designed to increase business profits and promote trade between these countries American Recovery and Reinvestment Act 2009 (ARRA) o Economic stimulus plan by Obama after the financial crisis of 2008 Entrepreneurs who achieved the “American dream” o o o Bill Gates (Microsoft) Sam Walton (Wal-Mart) Estee Lauder (Estee Lauder) Robert Johnson (BET) Lionel Sosa ( Sosa ad agency)

Society Hurricane Katrina- levee failure in New Orleans, destroyed neighborhoods and changed the coastline Changing demographics due to immigration o Movement of people to the United States, usually to places geographically close (i. e. Cubans Florida, Mexicans – Southwestern USA) o Immigration issues discussed in government – border protection, citizenship requirements Influence of American pop culture/global diffusion

Congressional Medal of Honor Recipients the highest award for valor in action against an enemy force which can be given to an individual serving in the Armed Services of the United States Given to people of all races and genders Historical Examples: o Alvin York WWI o Vernon J. Baker WWII o Roy Benavides Vietnam War

Reference

Amendments You Need to know! 13 th – Free slaves 14 th – Citizenship rights for freed slaves 15 th – Black males can vote 16 th – Income tax 17 th – Direct election of Senators 18 th – Prohibition (no alcohol) 19 th – Women’s suffrage 21 st – Repeal Prohibition (alcohol allowed again) 22 nd – term limits for presidents (2) 24 th – No poll tax 26 th – 18 year olds can vote, brought about by Vietnam War

American Wars Spanish-American War (1898) o Spain vs. U. S. /Cuba World War I (1914 -1918) o U. S. gets involved in 1917 World War II (1939 -1945) o U. S. enters in December 7, 1941 (Japanese attack Pearl Harbor) Korean War (1950 -1953) o U. S. fights against communist North Korea Vietnam (1963 -1973) o U. S. fights against communists in North Gulf War (1991) o U. S. protects Kuwait when Iraq invades over oil dispute War on Terror (2001) o In response to 9/11, fight terrorism