Types of slag inclusions Slag entering from ladles

Types of slag inclusions ü Slag entering from ladles ü Dross created in the runner system ü Slag metal reaction ü Dross created in the casting cavity ü Undissolved alloy particles 6

Casting Defects Fig : Examples of common defects in castings. These defects can be minimized or eliminated by proper design and preparation of, olds and control of pouring procedures. 7

Defects - Hot Tears Fig : Examples of hot tears in castings. These defects occur because the casting cannot shrink freely during cooling, owing to constraints in various portions of the molds and cores. Exothermic compounds may be used (as exothermic padding) to control cooling at critical sections to avoid hot tearing. 8

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Slag inclusions 17

Slag inclusions on runner system Pouring ladle too low - cup not kept full Various Slag Inclusion Defects in Ductile Iron castings 18

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Surface Blow holes Steel casting made in no bake sand 22

Subsurface Blow holes 25

Pin hole porosity in a manganese steel mill liner that became apparent after heat treatment 26

Broken casting Breakage 28

Hot Tearing Hot Tear in the bore 29

Scab, Expansion Scab Expansion scab in steel casting in green sand Interrupted pouring with long pouring times 31

Scab, Expansion scab Scab in a ductile iron casting 32

Incomplete Casting Misrun in a steel casting 33