Types of RNA There are three main types
- Slides: 34
Types of RNA There are three main types of RNA: • messenger RNA • ribosomal RNA • transfer RNA Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Messenger RNA (m. RNA) carries copies of instructions for assembling amino acids into proteins.
Ribosomes are made up of proteins and ribosomal RNA (r. RNA).
During protein construction, transfer RNA (t. RNA) transfers each amino acid to the ribosome.
Translation The ribosome binds new t. RNA molecules and amino acids as it moves along the m. RNA. Lysine Phenylalanine t. RNA Methionine Ribosome m. RNA Start codon Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Mutations
What Are Mutations? • Changes in the nucleotide sequence of DNA • May occur in somatic cells (aren’t passed to offspring) • May occur in gametes (eggs & sperm) and be passed to offspring
Are Mutations Helpful or Harmful? • Mutations happen regularly • Almost all mutations are neutral • Chemicals & UV radiation cause mutations • Many mutations are repaired by enzymes
Are Mutations Helpful or Harmful? • Some type of skin cancers and leukemia result from somatic mutations • Some mutations may improve an organism’s survival (beneficial)
Types of Mutations
Chromosome Mutations • May Involve: – Changing the structure of a chromosome – The loss or gain of part of a chromosome
Chromosome Mutations • Five types exist: – Deletion – Inversion – Translocation – Nondisjunction – Duplication
Deletion • Due to breakage • A piece of a chromosome is lost
Inversion • Chromosome segment breaks off • Segment flips around backwards • Segment reattaches
Duplication • Occurs when a gene sequence is repeated
Translocation • Involves two chromosomes that aren’t homologous • Part of one chromosome is transferred to another chromosomes
Translocation
Nondisjunction • Failure of chromosomes to separate during meiosis • Causes gamete to have too many or too few chromosomes • Disorders: – Down Syndrome – three 21 st chromosomes – Turner Syndrome – single X chromosome – Klinefelter’s Syndrome – XXY chromosomes
Gene Mutations • Change in the nucleotide sequence of a gene • May only involve a single nucleotide • May be due to copying errors, chemicals, viruses, etc.
Types of Gene Mutations • Include: – Point Mutations – Substitutions – Insertions – Deletions – Frameshift
Point Mutation • Change of a single nucleotide • Includes the deletion, insertion, or substitution of ONE nucleotide in a gene
Point Mutation • Sickle Cell disease is the result of one nucleotide substitution • Occurs in the hemoglobin gene
Frameshift Mutation • Inserting or deleting one or more nucleotides • Changes the “reading frame” like changing a sentence • Proteins built incorrectly
Frameshift Mutation • Original: – The fat cat ate the wee rat. • Frame Shift (“a” added): – The fat caa tet hew eer at.
Amino Acid Sequence Changed
FYI
Normal Male 2 n = 46 29
Normal Female 2 n = 46 30
Male, Trisomy 21 (Down’s) 2 n = 47 31
Female Down’s Syndrome 2 n = 47 32
Klinefelter’s Syndrome 2 n = 47 33
Turner’s Syndrome 2 n = 45 34
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