TYPES OF POWER GENERATION STRUCTURE AND PRINCIPLE OF

STRUCTURE AND PRINCIPLE OF ENGINES We have used thermal engines widely since they invented

RECIPROCATING STEAM ENGINE The reciprocating steam engine is the first engine which was reached

STIRLING ENGINE The Stirling engine consists of two pistons as shown in a right

ERICSSON ENGINE J. Ericsson developed several engines by reforming the Stirling engine (called the

GASOLINE ENGINE Nowadays, the gasoline engine (spark ignition engine) is used widely as the

DIESEL ENGINE The Diesel engine (compression ignition engine) is the internal combustion engine as

STEAM TURBINE The steam turbine has rotating blades instead of the piston and the

GAS TURBINE As the principle of the gas turbine, a working gas (air) is

NUCLEAR POWER GENERATION The heat produced by fuel at the PWR is converted to

ROCKET ENGINE The rocket engine obtains a combustion gas of high temperature and high

FUEL CELL Above thermal engines change the energy of the fuel to the mechanical

Ocean Energy The world's ocean may eventually provide us with energy to power our

Wave Energy Kinetic energy (movement) exists in the moving waves of the ocean. That

Tidal Energy Another form of ocean energy is called tidal energy. When tides comes

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) The idea is not new. Using the temperature of

Slides: 38

Download presentation

TYPES OF POWER GENERATION

STRUCTURE AND PRINCIPLE OF ENGINES We have used thermal engines widely since they invented in the 17 th century. There are many kinds of the engine, and they are used in our life. In this session, the structure, the principle and the characteristics of thermal engines and the power source are pesented. 1769: J. Watt invented a reciprocating steam engine with a condenser. 1816: R. Stirling invented a hot air engine (Stirling engine) which utilizes a reheat energy. 1839: J. Ericsson developed several hot air engines (Ericsson engine) in these days. 1876: N. Otto developed a spark ignition engine (gasoline engine). 1883: C. Laval developed a steam turbine. 1892: R. Diesel invented the principle of a compression ignition engine (Diesel engine). 1930: F. Whittle invented a gas turbine for an airplane. 1944: A practical rocket engine is developed in Germany. 1952: F. Bacon invented a fundamental fuel cell.

RECIPROCATING STEAM ENGINE The reciprocating steam engine is the first engine which was reached practical use. This engine obtains a mechanical power using static pressure of the steam. After the Industrial Revolution, it had been used as the power sources for industries and transportations while a long time. But it is replaced by internal combustion engines, and not used nowadays. Generally, the steam engine consists of a boiler, a heater, a piston, a cylinder, condenser and a water pump as shown in a right figure. An intake and an exhaust valve are located on the top of the cylinder. T

RECIPROCATING STEAM ENGINE

STIRLING ENGINE The Stirling engine consists of two pistons as shown in a right figure. It is a closed cycle external combustion engine which uses the working gas repeatedly without any valve. A memorable characteristic of this engine is that a regenerator is adopted in order to obtain a high efficiency. In those days invented the engine, this had been called 'Hot air engine' together with an Ericsson engine described bellow. After many developments, the Stirling engines in the present come to get a high power and a high efficiency by using high pressure helium or hydrogen as the working gas. But this engine has not reached practical use yet, because it has several problems such as a heavy weight and a high production cost.

ERICSSON ENGINE J. Ericsson developed several engines by reforming the Stirling engine (called the hot air engine in these days). One of them is called the Ericsson engine nowadays. It is an opened cycle external combustion engine with two valves at a supply cylinder and power cylinder as shown in a right figure. Also, most of the engines invented by J. Ericsoon were used the regenerator.

GASOLINE ENGINE Nowadays, the gasoline engine (spark ignition engine) is used widely as the power source of automobiles. As the principle of this engine, a mixture gas of the fuel and the air is compressed in the cylinder at the first. And the gas explodes by use of an ignition plug, and generates the output power. As good characteristics of the engine, it can be realized a smaller and light weight engine, and has a possibility of the high engine speed and high power. Also, the maintenance of the engine is very simple.

DIESEL ENGINE The Diesel engine (compression ignition engine) is the internal combustion engine as well as the gasoline engine, and used widely as the power source of the ship and the automobile. As the principle of this engine, the air is entered in the cylinder, and it is compressed adiabatically to a high temperature at the first. When the mists of the fuel are jetted into the high temperature cylinder, it combusts automatically, and the engine obtains the output power. It can get the higher efficiency than that of the gasoline engine for a high compression ratio. Also this engine has economical advantage because it can use inexpensive light oil and heavy oil as the fuel. However it may have the problems such as large vibrations and noises, and increase of the engine weight for the high pressure in the cylinder.

STEAM TURBINE The steam turbine has rotating blades instead of the piston and the cylinder of the reciprocating steam engine. This engine is used as the power source in thermal and nuclear power plants. The steam turbine utilizes dynamic pressure of the steam, and converts a thermal energy to a mechanical energy, though the reciprocating steam engine utilizes the static pressure of the steam. The both engines use the energy that is obtained at the expansion of the steam.

GAS TURBINE As the principle of the gas turbine, a working gas (air) is compressed by a compressor and heated by a combustion energy of the fuel at the first. The working gas becomes the high temperature and high pressure. The engine converts the energy of working gas into the rotating energy of the blades, making use of the interaction between the gas and the blades. As shown in the below figure, there are two types of the gas turbine. One is the open cycle type (internal type), and another is the closed cycle type (external type). Basic components of both types are the air compressor, a combustor and the turbine. The gas turbine can handle a larger gas flow than that of the reciprocating internal combustion engines, because it utilizes a continued combustion. Then the gas turbine is suitable as the high power engine. The gas turbine for airplanes (called a jet engine) makes use of this advantage.

GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT

FOSSIL FUEL POWER PLANT

FOSSIL FUEL- CO 2 POWER PLANT

BINARY POWER PLANT

NUCLEAR POWER GENERATION The heat produced by fuel at the PWR is converted to steam by a steam generator, and this steam is used to operate a turbine generator.

NUCLEAR CHOICES

NUCLEAR POWER GENERATION

ROCKET ENGINE The rocket engine obtains a combustion gas of high temperature and high pressure from the fuel and an oxidizer in a combustor. The combustion gas becomes high speed with an adiabatic expansion through a nozzle, and is jetted to the rear of the engine. It is obtained a propulsive force by a reaction of the high speed gas. The jet engine and the rocket engine obtains the propulsive force in the same way by using the reaction of the working gas. However, it is difference from the jet engine that the rocket engine has the total gas including the oxidizer itself. Then it can get the propulsive force even if there is no air, so it is used as the propulsive power source in the space.

FUEL CELL Above thermal engines change the energy of the fuel to the mechanical power by way of thermal energy. On the other hand, the fuel cell changes the chemical energy of the fuel to the electric energy directly. The fuel cell consists of the anode and the cathode which are separated by an electrolyte layer. When the fuel is supplyed to the anode, and the oxidizer is supplyed to the cathode, it generates the electric energy.

HYDRO POWER PLANT - 1

WIND TURBINE

Ocean Energy The world's ocean may eventually provide us with energy to power our homes and businesses. Right now, there are very few ocean energy power plants and most are fairly small. But how can we get energy from the ocean? There are three basic ways to tap the ocean for its energy. We can use the ocean's waves, we can use the ocean's high and low tides, or we can use temperature differences in the water. Let's take a look at each.

Wave Energy Kinetic energy (movement) exists in the moving waves of the ocean. That energy can be used to power a turbine. In this simple example, to the right, the wave rises into a chamber. The rising water forces the air out of the chamber. The moving air spins a turbine which can turn a generator. When the wave goes down, air flows through the turbine and back into the chamber through doors that are normally closed. This is only one type of wave-energy system. Others actually use the up and down motion of the wave to power a piston that moves up and down inside a cylinder. That piston can also turn a generator. Most wave-energy systems are very small. But, they can be used to power a warning buoy or a small light house.

Tidal Energy Another form of ocean energy is called tidal energy. When tides comes into the shore, they can be trapped in reservoirs behind dams. Then when the tide drops, the water behind the dam can be let out just like in a regular hydroelectric power plant. Tidal energy has been used since about the 11 th Century, when small dams were built along ocean estuaries and small streams. the tidal water behind these dams was used to turn water wheels to mill grains. In order for tidal energy to work well, you need large increases in tides. An increase of at least 16 feet between low tide to high tide is needed. There are only a few places where this tide change occurs around the earth. Some power plants are already operating using this idea. One plant in France makes enough energy from tides (240 megawatts) to power 240, 000 homes. This facility is called the La Rance Station in France. It began making electricity in 1966. It produces about one fifth of a regular nuclear or coal-fired power plant. It is more than 10 times the power of the next largest tidal station in the world, the 17 megawatt Canadian Annapolis station.

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) The idea is not new. Using the temperature of water to make energy actually dates back to 1881 when a French Engineer by the name of Jacques D'Arsonval first thought of OTEC. The final ocean energy idea uses temperature differences in the ocean. If you ever went swimming in the ocean and dove deep below the surface, you would have noticed that the water gets colder the deeper you go. It's warmer on the surface because sunlight warms the water. But below the surface, the ocean gets very cold. That's why scuba divers wear wet suits when they dive down deep. Their wet suits trapped their body heat to keep them warm. Power plants can be built that use this difference in temperature to make energy. A difference of at least 38 degrees Fahrenheit is needed between the warmer surface water and the colder deep ocean water. Using this type of energy source is called Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion or OTEC.

OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY CONVERSION (OTEC)