Types of longterm memory But firsta quiz PART
Types of long-term memory
But first…a quiz! PART ONE Answer the following questions on your whiteboard; 1. What is the capital of France? 2. What is 7 X 7? 3. What is the chemical symbol for Oxygen? 4. When was the battle of Hastings? 5. What date is Halloween? 6. Who wrote Harry Potter? 7. What is the French for Dog? Can you identify a link between these questions? What do the answers have in common?
But first…a quiz! PART TWO Answer the following questions on your whiteboard; 1. What is your earliest memory? 2. How many people can you name from your class at Primary School? 3. What did it feel like on your first day at TGS School and Sixth Form? 4. Who was your first crush? 5. What was your favourite book when you were 11? 6. What is your favourite song? 7. Who was your favourite teacher last year? Can you identify a link between these questions? What do the answers have in common?
But first…a quiz! PART THREE Answer the following questions on your whiteboard; 1. Can you ride a bike? 2. Will you be learning to drive this year? 3. Can you play an instrument? 4. If so what grade are you, if any? 5. Do you take part in any sport? 6. Are you better now than when you first started? 7. Can you touch your elbow with your tongue? Can you identify a link between these questions? What do the answers have in common?
Episodic memories – explicit LTM CONSCIOUS - requires conscious thought to access Long term memories of personal experiences (episodes/events) E. g. memory of your first day at school, family holiday etc 1. Specific details of event (who was there, time and place) 2. Context (what happened before/after, why the event happened) 3. Emotions (felt at the time)
Semantic memories – explicit LTM CONSCIOUS - requires conscious thought to access Long term memories of facts E. g. 2+2=4, London is the capital of England This type of memory is shared by everyone (not specific to the individual) Semantic memories begin as episodic memories because we acquire information via personal experience May relate to things such as functions of objects, appropriate behaviour, maths, language
Procedural memories – implicit LTM UNCONSCIOUS – does not require conscious thought to access Long term memories of skills E. g. How to tie a shoelace Remembering how to do something rather than knowing why to do it. Typically acquired through practice and repetition, less aware of these memories, they are automatic Procedural memories are automatic so we can focus attention on other tasks simultaneously
Exam style question Tulving (1994) got participants to perform various tasks while their brains were scanned using a PET scanner. They found that when the participants performed different tasks a different area of the brain was highlighted as active. Below are the results Activity Area of brain active Counting in French Left prefrontal cortex Playing an instrument Cerebellum Recalling their last birthday Right prefrontal cortex 1. What do the results from the brain scan suggest about long term memories? (3 marks)
Exam style question APPLICATION Clive Wearing suffers from a severe form of amnesia that resulted from a viral infection that attacked his brain, damaging the hippocampus and associated areas. Before this infection Clive was a world-class musician and he can still play the piano brilliantly and conduct a choir but he can’t remember his musical education. He can remember some other aspects of his life before his infection, but not others. For example, he know he has children from an earlier marriage, but cannot remember their names. He recognises his second wife, Deborah, and greets her joyously every time they meet, believing he has not seen her in years, even though she may have just left the room for a few minutes. Questions 1. Can you explain why Clive will play the same piece of music over and over again? 2. Imagine you been asked to test Clive Wearing’s memory to see which of Tulving’s three types of LTM are intact. Explain how you might do this.
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