Types of Antimicrobial Agents Protein Synthesis Inhibitors 1

Types of Anti-microbial Agents

Protein Synthesis Inhibitors

1 - Tetracycline's

Effect of antacids and milk on the absorption of tetracycline's.

Adverse effects of tetracycline.

2 - Glycylcyclines E. g : Tigecycline. has a broad spectrum activity against multidrug-resistant gram-positive pathogens, some gram-negative organisms, and anaerobic organisms. The main adverse effects being similar to those of the tetracycline class. 1. 2. Photosensitivity. Discoloration of permanent teeth when used during tooth development. 3. Fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman.

3 - Aminoglycosides E. g : gentamycin , amikacin , topramycin. for treatment of serious infections due to aerobic gramnegative.

Some adverse effects of aminoglycosides.

4 - Macrolides Erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin alternative to penicillin in individuals who are allergic to β-lactam antibiotics. Erythromycin: This drug is effective against many of the same organisms as penicillin therefore, it is used in patients who are allergic to the penicillin's. Clarithromycin: This antibiotic has a spectrum of antibacterial activity similar to that of erythromycin, but it is also effective against Hemophilic influenza. Its activity against Chlamydia, Legionella, Moraxella, and Ureaplasma species and H. pillory , is higher than that of erythromycin.

4 - Macrolides Azithromycin : is more active against respiratory infections due to H. influenzae and Moraxella Azithromycin is now the preferred therapy for urethritis caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. It also has activity against Mycobacterium in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.

Administration and fate of the macrolide antibiotics. Interactions: Erythromycin, and clarithromycin inhibit the hepatic metabolism of a number of drugs, which can lead to toxic accumulations of these compounds.

Some adverse effects of macrolide antibiotics.

Interactions: Erythromycin, and clarithromycin inhibit the hepatic metabolism of a number of drugs, which can lead to toxic accumulations of these compounds.

5 - Chloramphenicol This drug is active against wide range of gram +ve and – ve organisms Has excellent activity against anaerobes Pseudomonas is not affected nor are the chlamydia Because of its toxicity its used is restricted to life threatening infections for no alternative exist.

Adverse effects Anemias: Hemolytic anemia occurs in patients with low levels of glucose 6 -phosphate dehydrogenase. Gray baby syndrome: occurs in neonates if the dosage regimen of chloramphenicol is not properly adjusted. neonates have a decreased ability to excrete the drug, which accumulates to levels. This leads to poor feeding, depressed breathing, cardiovascular collapse and death. Adults who have received very high doses of the drug can also exhibit this toxicity.

6 - Clindamycin is employed primarily in the treatment of infections caused by anaerobic bacteria.

Clindamycin Clostridium is always resistant to clindamycin. It distributes well into all body fluids except the CSF. Adequate levels of clindamycin are not achieved in the brain, even when meninges are inflamed. adverse effect: The most serious adverse effect is potentially fatal pseudomembranous colitis caused by overgrowth of C. difficile, which elaborates necrotizing toxins. (Oral administration of either metronidazole or vancomycin is usually effective in controlling this serious problem).

To be continued