Two multilateral organisations dealing with trade UNCTAD and

Two multilateral organisations dealing with trade: UNCTAD and WTO More differences than similarities Manuela Tortora Chief, Technical Cooperation UNCTAD

THE DIFFERENCES LIE ON: • The origins of both organisations • Their mandates • The institutional functioning • Their thinking on trade and development 2

The GATT and the WTO • • • THE ORIGINS UNCTAD: 1964 § Decolonisation § North-South and East-West tensions The Bretton Woods agreements (1944) § 1947: 1947 the ITO, the Havana Charter and the GATT (light links with the UN) Non-Aligned Movement Group of 77 § GATT Rounds of trade negotiations until the Uruguay Round (1986 -94) “Trade not aid”: link between trade and development (Prebisch thinking) § 1 st UNCTAD Ministerial Conference meets in Geneva; Permanent UNCTAD secretariat established in Geneva Keynes’ ideas on post-war international economic governance (avoid economic conflicts) 1995: WTO is established outside the UN system 3

THE FUNCTIONING WTO UNCTAD • No links with the UN machinery • Permanent governmental bodies that monitor the implementation of the trade rules • Negotiating governmental bodies • • The Secretariat provides neutral technical support to the negotiations • • Accession has to be negotiated • • Limited role of non-governmental stakeholders • • • UNCTAD intergovernmental machinery (Ministerial Conferences and Trade and Development Board) linked to UN General Assembly and ECOSOC UNCTAD secretariat part of the UN Secretariat (part of same budget) UNCTAD secretariat devoted to development No normative role, no negotiations of binding rules, only political role UN membership (192 countries) Strong participation of nongovernmental stakeholders 4

THE MANDATE WTO UNCTAD: Integrated treatment of trade, investment and related issues= wide mandate • Rules-based organisation, sets binding multilateral trade law through negotiations (“legislative” role) • Dispute settlement mechanism with mandatory decisions, can apply sanctions (“judicial” role) • Work confined to the existing trade agreements and to the scope of the negotiations = narrow mandate based on existing trade rules • • • Research on a range of trade and development issues Consensus-building through debates and exchange of experiences among 192 member States on all UNCTAD issues Technical cooperation on all the topics of UNCTAD work (policy and legal advice, training, institution building, support to negotiations) 5

THE IDEAS ON DEVELOPMENT WTO • • • Main goal is not development per se, but to avoid commercial disputes Same trade rules and reciprocity apply to all, but… …Special and differential treatment is introduced with various intensities The “Doha Development Agenda” introduced in 2001 Trade liberalisation and implementation of trade rules leads to development UNCTAD • • • Trade is one of the main instruments leading to development… …but no automatic links between trade liberalisation, poverty reduction, and development The links between trade and development are multidimensional Special and differential treatment is key No “one size-fits-all” development models 6

UNCTAD’s INTEGRATED VISION OF TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT and THE SCOPE OF ITS WORK: INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT GOALS TRADE SUPPLY-SIDE PRODUCTIVE CAPACITY POLICIES TRADE POLICY AND NEGOTIATION SUPPORT SERVICES POLICIES

SOME UNCTAD IDEAS • Special and differential treatment and recognition of different levels of development (including trade preferences) • Identify the development content and impact of trade negotiations • Need for a development-friendly coherence between the international financial and trading systems • Development impact of bilateral and regional trade and investment agreements • Enhance endogenous capacities and homegrown development policies • Links between investment, science and technology, ICTs and trade flows • Role of commodities in international trade • Development-friendly structure of the GATS • LDCs’ terms of WTO accession • Need for debt reduction and debt sustainability • Role of competition law and policies in development processes • Traditional work on trade facilitation and related issues • Research on non-trade barriers 8

THANK YOU ! www. unctad. org 9