TWO CATAGORIES FOR DISTINGUISHING CELL TYPE Prokaryotic Eukaryotic

TWO CATAGORIES FOR DISTINGUISHING CELL TYPE Prokaryotic Eukaryotic

PROKAYOTE • Smaller and simpler • Have cell membrane and cytoplasm • No nuclei • Some DNA within cytoplasm • All bacteria are prokaryotes • They grow, reproduce, respond to change • Some move

EUKARYOTE • Vary in shape, some large • Have cell membrane and cytoplasm • Have nuclei and many other organelles • Some single-celled beings • Many multi-celled beings • All plants, animals, fungi, and many microorganisms are eukaryotes

Cell Membrane Location • Outer boundary of animal and protist cells. Outer edge of cytoplasm. Function • Regulates what enters and exits the cell • Supports cell structures and provides strong barrier between cell and surroundings. Construction • Lipid bilayer, also containing proteins and carbohydrates

Cell Wall Location Outer most boundary in plant, bacteria and fungi cells Function • Provides support and protection for the cell • Helps maintain cell shape

Nucleus Location • In all cells but bacteria cells • Often most prominent structure in center of cell Function • Controls cell processes • Stores hereditary information of DNA • Codes for protein synthesis (making of proteins most important role of cell)

Nuclear Envelope Location • Surrounds nucleus Function • Double membrane layer that contains pores which allow material to move into and out of the nucleus • Steady stream of RNA and other info-carrying molecules to the rest of the cell

Nucleolus Location • Dark spherical mass inside the nucleus Function • Assembly of ribosomes begin here

Cytoplasm Location • Material inside the cell membrane but not including the nucleus • Contains many structures called organelles • Some cells may contain cytoskeleton Function Establishes living condition to supply and transport materials for cell activities

Cytoskeleton Location • Extending from nucleus to cell membrane in some cells Description • Made up of protein filaments called microtubules and microfilaments Function • Helps cell maintain shape and involved in many forms of cell movement

Endoplasmic Reticulum (E. R. ) Location • Extend from nuclear envelope to cell membrane Description Rough E. R. – contain ribosomes Smooth E. R. – do not contain ribosomes Function • Transport materials • Rough E. R. modify proteins for secretion • Smooth E. R. contains enzymes that make lipids

Ribosome Location • In nucleus, cytoplasm, and Rough E. R. Function • Produce proteins following coded instruction that come from the nucleus

Golgi Apparatus Location • Near E. R. and nucleus Function • Stack of membranes that accept proteins produced by the rough E. R. • Contain enzymes that attach carbohydrates and lipids to proteins (“package proteins”) • Proteins then sent to final destinations

Plant Vacuole Location • Saclike structure in the cytoplasm Description Plant cells – Single, large central vacuole Function • Store materials such as water, salts, proteins and carbohydrates • Pressure in plant vacuole aid in support of plant cell (lack of water – wilting)

Vacuoles Location • Saclike structures in the cytoplasm Description Animal & Protists – Small, multiple vacuoles Function • Store materials such as water, salts, proteins and carbohydrates • Remove excess water from cell (contractile vacuole)

Lysosome Location • Throughout the cytoplasm of the cell • Rare in plant cells Function • Small organelles filled with enzymes that break down lipids, carbohydrates and proteins from food into particles that can be used by the rest of the cell. • Also a “cell cleaner” to break down old organelles and dead pathogens. © 2003 Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc.

Mitochondria Location • Throughout the cytoplasm • More numerous in cells that have high energy requirements. Function • Organelles that release energy in the form of ATP from stored food molecules (glucose) Cellular Respiration Note: Mitochondria contain some of their own genetic info or DNA that is essential to the function of the mitochondrion. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Chloroplasts Location • Found in cytoplasm of plants, some protists and bacteria Function • Use energy from sunlight to make energy-rich food molecules (glucose). Photosynthesis Note: Chloroplasts contain some of their own genetic info or DNA that is essential to the function of the chloroplast.

Centrioles Location • Paired structures just outside the nuclear envelope in the cytoplasm • Only in animal cells Function • During cell division, centrioles separate and take up positions on opposite sides of the nucleus • Help organize the spindle that separate the chromosomes

Cilia & Flagella Cilia Location • Both extend from the surface of the cell Description Cilia – numerous, short, hair-like projections Flagella- one or two, longer whip-like structures Function Both used to propel individual cells through environment Flagella

Venn Diagrams Prokaryotes Cell membrane Ribosomes Cell wall Animal Cells Lysosomes Centrioles Small vacuole Go to Section: Plant Cells Cell membrane Ribosomes Cell Wall Nucleus Endoplasmic reticulum Chloroplasts Golgi apparatus Large vacuoles Vacuoles Mitochondria Cytoskeleton Eukaryotes Nucleus Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Lysosomes Vacuoles Mitochondria Cytoskeleton