TwentyFirst Century Psychotherapies Chapter 4 Experiential Therapy Articulate
- Slides: 37
Twenty-First Century Psychotherapies Chapter 4 – Experiential Therapy
Articulate the principle components of experiential therapy Carl Rogers Father of the humanistic movement in USA Developer of person-centered/client-centered therapy Key elements: Identify the empirical support for experiential therapy Empathy Unconditional positive regard congruence Experiential Therapy – Key Names
Experiential Therapy – Key Names Eugene Gendlin – experiencing Meaning-making is produced in the interaction of a felt meaning and the symbols that we use to contain it Focusing-oriented psychotherapy Felt sense Focusing attitude Fritz Perls Gestalt therapy Shoulds Creative adjustment Techniques – empty chair
Gestalt Therapy Focus on here and now Dialogical Gestalt Therapy (Yontef) Critical of Gestalt Therapy’s lack of attention to: The past Client’s psychological safety More accepting than traditional Gestalt Therapy Mahrer: Experiential Psychotherapy Client suffers from disjunction between “operating” and “deeper” potentials Each session should be transformative
Experiential therapy Session structure Client focuses on reexperiencing a strong feeling Client explores deeper potential of the strong feeling Imagines reentering the past scene and relives them from the new perspective Imaginatively projects into new scenes, “test drives” new experience, critically evaluates options Leaves session with a new perspective Client and therapist side-by-side and therapist acts as a coach
Experiential therapy Content goals What the client brings in to therapy Process goals what therapist sees as the means toward achieving the client’s content goals The therapeutic relationship Experiential and emotional processing
Existential Therapy Normal anxiety Existential anxiety Authenticity Good faith Bad faith
Experiential Therapy – Key Names Leslie Greenberg Emotion-Focused Therapy (EFT) emotion as fundamental datum of human experience Primary adaptive emotion – immediate and helpful emotional response Primary maladaptive emotional response – overlearned responses from previous (often traumatic) experiences Secondary emotional response – emotional reactions to primary emotional experiences Instrumental emotional response – emotional responses used to control or influence others
Experiential therapy Three phases: Bonding and awareness evocation and exploration (arriving at core emotion) transformation and generation of alternatives Change occurs by means of awareness, regulation, reflection, and transformation of emotion taking place in an empathically attuned relationship
Experiential Therapy Fundamental principles Experiencing Potential for agency People as pluralities Authentic relationships Growth and development are lifelong Pathology due to incongruence
Experiential Therapy Theory of Psychotherapy Goal: to deepen experience and symbolize it accurately in awareness Content goals versus process goals Process diagnostic versus person diagnostic Core processes: therapeutic relationship and experiential/emotional processing
Dialectical Constructivist Experiential Therapy People as biological dynamic systems who live in and adapt to social environments Social construction of emotion Self-narrative/narrative identity Pluralistic view of dysfunction
Experiential Therapy Empirical support Strongest (and most) for EFT, especially EFT for depression Extensive process research showing increased experiencing relates to better outcomes
Twenty-First Century Psychotherapies Chapter 5 – Mindfulness- and Acceptance-Based Therapy
Mindfulness and Acceptance Mindfulness- intentionally focusing attention on the experiences occurring in the present moment in a nonjudgmental or accepting way Present moment experiences include all observable internal stimuli (e. g. , cognitions, bodily sensations, emotional states) and external stimuli (e. g. , sights, sounds, smells) Acceptance- a willingness to experience a wide range of unwanted or unpleasant internal phenomena without attempting to avoid, escape, or terminate them
Types of Mindfulness- and Acceptance-Based Therapies Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR)
ACT: History and Theory ACT Developed by Steven Hayes in the 1970 s Relational frame theory Psychological difficulties result from cognitive fusion and experiential avoidance ACT teaches six components of psychological flexibility, the alternative to cognitive fusion and experiential avoidance Contact with the present moment Acceptance Defusion Self-as-context Values Committed action
DBT: History and Theory DBT Developed by Marsha Linehan Targets suicidal and self-injurious women with borderline personality disorder (BPD) Biosocial theory of BPD is a dysfunction of the emotion regulation system brought on by the transaction of an emotionally vulnerable temperament and invalidating childhood environment
MBSR and MBCT: History and Theory MBSR developed by Jon Kabat-Zinn Sought to integrate the Buddhist teachings of mindful meditation into Western medicine MBCT is an adaptation of MBSR developed by Zindel Segal, John Teasdale, Mark Williams Treatment for people in remission from a depressive episode Decentering- see thoughts as transient mental events that do not necessarily reflect important truths or necessitate specific reactions
Theory of Psychotherapy: Common Elements Potential harm resulting from experiential avoidance Importance of decentering or defusion Treatment goal: increased awareness of present -moment experiences Initial assessment and tracking throughout therapy Importance of therapeutic relationship Homework
MBSR: Strategies and Interventions 8 -week group therapy Raisin Exercise Body scan Sitting meditation Hatha yoga Walking meditation Mindfulness in daily life All-day meditation session Incorporation of poetry
MBCT: Strategies and Interventions 8 -week group therapy Three-minute breathing space Bringing difficulties to mind in sitting meditation Cognitive therapy exercises Pleasure and mastery activities Relapse prevention plans
DBT: Strategies and Interventions Individual and weekly meetings for 1 year consisting of four modules Core mindfulness Interpersonal effectiveness Emotion regulation Distress tolerance skills Three states of mind Reasonable mind: rational, logical Emotion mind Wise mind: integration of reasonable and emotion mind Mindfulness “What” Skills Mindfulness “How” Skills Mindfulness skills in emotion regulation and distress tolerance
ACT: Strategies and Interventions Behavior change strategies tailored to the individual Mindfulness and acceptance strategies Several different strategies (e. g. , cubbyholing, leaves on the stream, observer exercise)
Twenty-First Century Psychotherapies Chapter 6 – Postmodern / Poststructuralist Therapies
Learning Objectives Differentiate postmodern therapies from modern therapies Define postmodernism Recognize the similarities and differences between Solution-Focused, Narrative, and Collaborative therapies Identify empirical support for each type of therapy
Postmodernism / Poststructuralism Postmodernism The end of a single, universal worldview Respect for difference, celebration of local Social constructionism Poststructuralism Deconstruction Rejection of “true self” Text analogy / narrative metaphor
Common Characteristics Transdisciplnary Inspiration Social/Interpersonal view of knowledge and identity Attention to context Language as central concept Therapy as partnership Valuing multiplicity of perspectives/voices Valuing local knowledge Client as a star Being public/transparent Interest in what works well Personal agency
Solution-Focused Therapy: Key Concepts De. Shazer & Kim Berg Inductive process Goals as client-directed No assessment phase Brief treatment Main focus: build and implement solutions The Miracle Question Use of scales
Solution-Focused Therapy: Empirical Support Modest (but most of the postmodern therapies)
Narrative Therapy: Key Concepts White & Epston Poststructuralist Thick versus thin stories Dominant discourses Client-directed goals No assessment phase “decentered but influential” Transparency
Narrative Therapy: Key Concepts Techniques: Externalizing conversations Unique outcomes Re-membering Use of therapeutic documents Accountability Working with external witnesses
Narrative Therapy: Empirical Support “Coresearch” Case studies
Collaborative Therapy – Key Terms Anderson & Goolishian Language systems Conversational breakdowns Client-directed goals No assessment phase
Collaborative Therapy - Approach Conversational partnerships Therapy as research Client as expert Assuming a “not knowing” position Being public Therapy as everyday life
Collaborative Therapy – Empirical Support No specific quantitative studies Qualitative support Studied through study of therapist and client experiences
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