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Tutor 2 u Study Notes and online tests. http: //www. tutor 2 u. net/psychology/reference/ explanations-for-attachment-revision-quiz
Exam essay Outline and evaluate Bowlby’s explanation of attachment. (Total 8 marks) 10 minutes
Mark scheme Ao 1 AO 1 = 4 Bowlby’s theory of attachment suggests attachment is important for survival. Infants are innately programmed to form an attachment. This is a biological process and takes place during a critical period. The role of social releasers is emphasised. The child’s relationship with a PCG provides an internal working model which influences later relationships. AO 1 Knowledge and understanding 4 marks Accurate and reasonably detailed outline that demonstrates sound knowledge and understanding. There is appropriate selection of material to address the question. 3 marks Less detailed but generally accurate outline that demonstrates relevant knowledge and understanding. There is some evidence of selection of material to address the question. 2 marks Basic outline that demonstrates some relevant knowledge and understanding, but lacks detail and may be muddled. There is little evidence of selection of material to address the question. 1 mark Very brief / flawed Very brief or flawed description that demonstrates very little knowledge. Selection of information is largely inappropriate. 0 marks No creditworthy material presented.
Mark scheme Ao 2 AO 2 = 4 Evaluation of Bowlby’s explanation could relate to criticism of the critical period and monotropy. Candidates might refer to imprinting and the problems of generalising from birds to humans. However, positive references to the importance of Bowlby’s work would be equally relevant. AO 2 Application of knowledge and understanding 4 marks Effective evaluation Effective use of material to address the question and provide informed evaluation. Broad range of issues and/or evidence in reasonable depth, or a narrower range in greater depth. 3 marks Reasonable evaluation Material is not always used effectively but produces a reasonable evaluation. A range of issues and/or evidence in limited depth, or a narrower range in greater depth. 2 marks Basic evaluation The use of material provides only a basic evaluation. Superficial consideration of a restricted range of issues and/or evidence. 1 mark Rudimentary evaluation The use of material provides only a rudimentary evaluation. 0 marks No creditworthy material presented.
The Specification!
Attachment Evolutionary perspective Learning Theory Perspective The tendency to form attachments is INNATE! Infants have no INNATE tendency to form attachments Tendency is present in both infants and mothers They learn attachments because of food
Classical Conditioning
Result
Imprinting
Lorenz (1935)
Harlow’s Monkeys
Bowlby’s Monotropic Theory Social releasers Critical time period Internal working model
Bowlby Vs Learning Theory In the red corner. . In the blue corner. .
Next Week …
Objectives By the end of the today you will be able to … • Describe the Strange Situation experiment • Classify types of behaviour into the three types of infant behaviour: secure, insecure/avoidant and insecure/resistant and understand what behaviour is associated with each. Understand the different cultural variations in attachment •
The Strange Situation https: //www. youtube. co m/watch? v=s 608077 Nt. NI Mary Ainsworth How can we study attachment?
The Strange Situation • Ainsworth and Bell (1970) • Aimed to produce a method for assessing quality of attachment. • It places the infant in different situations to invoke comfort seeking and exploration behaviour, both indicators of the quality of attachment. • It systematically studies and measures attachment https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=s 60807 7 Nt. NI
The Strange Situation • 100 middle-class American infants and their mothers. • Controlled observation of mother and child during a set of pre-determined activities. • Observed: – Separation anxiety : unease infant shows when left by caregiver – Infant’s willingness to explore – Stranger anxiety: the infant’s response to the presence of a stranger – Reunion behaviour: the way the caregiver was greeted on return
In Trios – be prepared to act out this procedure and the three different findings.
STAGES 1+2 Mom and infant go into room to get used to it before the obs. begins
STAGE 3 Mom is in room and stranger enters.
STAGE 4 Mom leaves and the stranger interacts with the infant
STAGE 5 Mom returns (reunion behaviour recorded)
STAGE 6 Mom leaves and the infant is left alone. Separation protest is recorded.
STAGE 7 Instead of mom, the stranger returns. Stranger anxiety behaviour recorded.
STAGE 8 Mom reenters the room and stranger leaves. Reunion behaviour recorded.
The procedure provided Ainsworth with a means of looking at: 1. stranger anxiety This led Ainsworth to 2. separation anxiety 3. re-union behaviour develop 3 broad types of attachment
3 Types of Attachment Behaviour Type B: Secure attachment Type C: Resistant Insecure Type A: Avoidant Insecure 70% 15% ‘I trust you’ ‘I don’t care!’ ‘I don’t trust you’
Securely Attached (70%) • Would explore the unfamiliar room • Subdued when mother left and greeted her positively when she returned • Moderate avoidance of the stranger, but friendly when mother present • Mothers were described as sensitive
Avoidant-Insecure (15%) • Did not orientate to their mother while investigating the room and toys • Did not seem concerned by her absence • Showed little interest when mother returned • Avoided the stranger, but not as strongly as they avoided the mother on her return • Mothers sometimes ignored their infants
Resistant-Insecure (15%) • Showed intense distress, particularly when their mother was absent • Rejected mother when she returned • Showed ambivalent behaviour towards the stranger, similar to the pattern of resistance and interest shown with their mother • Mothers appeared to behave ambivalently towards their infants.
Conclusions The study shows there are significant individual differences between infants There appears to be a distinct association between the mother’s behaviour and the infant’s attachment type. It shows that most American children are securely attached Mothers behaviour Infants behaviour Sensitive/ responsive Insensitive/ unresponsive securely attached Insecurely attached
Activity: What goes where? Fill in table with ‘high’ ‘moderate’ or ‘low’ Secure Proximity-seeking Exploration / securebase Stranger anxiety Separation anxiety Response on reunion Insecure-Avoidant Insecure-resistant
Activity: What goes where? Fill in table with ‘high’ or ‘low’ Secure Insecure-Avoidant Insecure-resistant moderate low high Exploration / secure- high base high low Stranger anxiety moderate low high Separation anxiety moderate low high low Proximity-seeking Response on reunion high
Match the evaluative points to the evaluative explanation
GRAVER
Generalisable Large sample LOnly in Baltimore Procedure replicated around the world.
Reliable Inter-rater reliability. Behavioural categories (Bick found 94% agreement between researchers)
Application New Paradigm Importance of parental sensitivity Predictive – attachment type linked to adult behaviours. LFocuses too much on behaviour of child and not behaviour of mother which may distort results. L Test may be culture-bound. Cultural differences in child-rearing mean children respond differently to the test – caregivers also respond differently.
Validity LLacks ecological validity – Lab based with mother and stranger acting a script. L Are we measuring attachment or temperament? Kagan suggests temperament may be a confounding variable.
Ethics LDeliberately stresses infants to see their reactions. Stress is no more serious than everyday anxieties – mother on hand.
ü Efficient: could measure a lot of behaviours quite quickly and easily bring in lots of participants ü Easy to replicate: method has been employed in studies the world over – especially in crosscultural research D Validity: location is different from infant’s normal environment. However, many infants experience new locations quite naturally e. g. with a babysitter, at play group, etc D Generalisations: it would be unreasonable to generalise about all infant behaviour as the findings of this study are restricted to it’s sample type (middle-class Americans) D Ethics: consider distress, infants found most of the situations distressing. What about informed consent? Prior to each study, was the mother informed of the potential distress that their baby might experience? Issues
Ainsworth exam questions 1. Describe how Ainsworth studied types of attachment. (6 marks) 2. Outline what is meant by secure attachment. (2 marks) 3. Explain the difference between secure and insecure attachment. (3 marks) 4. Describe and evaluate the strange situation. (12 marks)
Break-time research! • We love our mobile phones. We display attachment behaviour to technology. • Ask people how the feel about their phone, knowing it is close by, what they feel when it is missing. • How might these behaviours be seen as secure, insecure-avoidant or insecureresistant.
Evaluation • In pairs, answer the questions on each card. Prepare to feedback
Cultural variations in attachment • Cultural variations in • Germans child-rearing attachment- differences practices value in child-rearing independence more practices and than the UK. attachment types between different • German studies record cultural groupings higher rates of insecureavoidance.
Do you think attachment is different depending on the culture? If so, how?
Ijzendoorn (1988) Cross-Cultural Patterns of Attachment The meta- analysis 32 studies in 8 countries 2000 Strange Situation classifications. Intra-cultural Vs inter-cultural variation.
Ijzendoon - Findings • Average findings were consistent with Ainsworth’s original research - Secure 67% - Avoidant 21% - Resistant 12% • Intra-cultural variation was nearly 15 times greater than the cross-cultural variations. Van Ijzendoorn speculated that this was linked to differences in socio-economic factors and levels of stress that varied between samples used within each country. • Type A in West – Type C more common in Japan, China & Israel revealed a higher incidence of resistant than avoidant children. • Chinese findings revealed the lowest rate of secure attachments (50%) with the remaining children falling into the other categories equally. • It was concluded that the modest cross-cultural differences reflect the effects of mass media, which portrays similar notions of parenting.
Imposed Etic Use techniques which are relevant to one culture to draw conclusions about another. In USA – separation anxiety is assumed to be due to insecure attachment but it may represent something else in different cultures.
Other Cross-Cultural Research. Mc. Mahon-True • Dogon tribes. Kyoung • Korean families Grossman & Grossman • German families Malin • Aboriginal infants.
Cultural variations questions 1. Outline what research has shown about cultural variations in attachment (4 marks) 2. Explain how Van Ijzendoorn studied cultural variations. (4 marks) 3. Describe what research has found about cultural variation in attachment. (4 marks) 4. Describe and evaluate research into cultural variations in attachment. (12 marks)
1. Outline what research has shown about attachment (4 marks) cultural variations in
Extension • Complete the cross-cultural research: evaluation hand-out
Home learning Anya has a 10 -month-old son called Ben. Anya sometimes ignores Ben and does not respond when he cries. However, when Anya feels like playing with Ben, she wakes him up, even if he is soundly asleep. (a) What type of attachment is Ben likely to show? Explain your answer. (3) (b) Explain how a psychologist could investigate Ben’s attachment type using Ainsworth’s Strange Situation. (3) (Total 6 marks)
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