Tuta absoluta Photo Marja van der Straten NVWA

Tuta absoluta Photo: Marja van der Straten, NVWA Plant Protection Service, www. bugwood. org, #5432149

Tuta absoluta overview • Small moth native to South America • Major pest of tomatoes and other solanaceous plants (nightshades) • Larvae mine inside leaves and also feed inside fruits – Decreases production and fruit quality – Can result in complete plant loss Photo: Sangmi Lee, Hasbrouck Insect Collection, Arizona State University, www. bugwood. org, #5432148

Distribution • Native to South America • Spread to Europe, Central America, Africa, and Asia • Currently, it is not known to occur in the U. S. • Detected in Haiti Map: CABI. Invasive Species Compendium. Retrieved 2020. https: //www. cabi. org/isc/tuta

Areas at Risk of Establishment Risk Potential High Low “This Risk map is a combination of the Host and Climate suitability. A Risk map depicts, with relative scale, the potential areas that are unsuitable or highly suitable for growth and establishment. ” Map courtesy of http: //www. nappfast. org/caps_pests/Caps%20 edits%20 for%20 matrix. htm.

Tomato Production in Florida and Areas of Potential Risk Counties where tomatoes are planted commercially Map courtesy of Florida Agriculture by Numbers.

Host Plants • Prefers tomato • Will also feed on other nightshades, such as potatoes, eggplant, and peppers • Other host plants possible but unlikely and incidental Photos: Wikimedia commons

Damage • Larvae cause damage when they tunnel through leaves, shoots, flowers, and fruit • Produce mines and galleries and large amounts of waste as they tunnel through plant tissue • Galleries and pinholes can lead to secondary infections by pathogens Photo credit: Wietse den Hartog, National Reference Centre, Plant Protection Service Wageningen (NL) Leafmines of Liriomyza sp. (white arrows) and of Tuta absoluta (red arrows) on tomato leaves

Economic Risk • Regularly causes economic losses in Latin America if not managed • 50 -100% fruit loss can occur • Potential pest in field and greenhouse production Photo credit: Sandeeokumar Jalapathi, Tamil Nadu Agricultrual University, Bugwood. org, image #5583210

Identification: Adults • Filiform antennae, alternating rings of light and dark scales • Recurved labial palps • Body length up to 10 mm Light/dark bands on antennae Recurved (upcurved) labial palps Photo credit: Marja van der Straten, NVWA Plant Protection Service, www. bugwood. org, #5432149 and James Hayden, FDACS Division of Plant Industry, Bugwood. org, #5499751

Identification: Adults Hindwings have apical concave margin and fringed edges Wing margin Photo: Sangmi Lee, Hasbrouck Insect Collection, Arizona State University, www. bugwood. org, #5432148

Tuta absoluta Look-alike Species Potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella) “hair pencils” Hair pencil of tomato pinworm Tomato pinworm (Keiferia lycopersicella) Photo: Clockwise upper left to right: Tuta absoluta - Sangmi Lee, Hasbrouck Insect Collection, Arizona State University, www. bugwood. org, #5432148; tomato pinworm - James Hayden, FDACS Division of Plant Industry, www. bugwood. org, #5499727; potato tuber moth - James Hayden, FDACS Division of Plant Industry, Bugwood. org, #5499679; hair pencil - James Hayden, FDACS-DPI

Identification: Eggs, Larvae, and Pupae Egg Larva Pupa Photos: (Left) tutaabsoluta. com, (Middle) Marja van der Straten, NVWA Plant Protection Service, Bugwood. org, #5431769, (Right) https: //www. inspection. gc. ca/plant-health/plant-pests-invasive-species/insects/tomatoleafminer/fact-sheet/eng/1328634442933/1328887251933

Life Cycle Females can lay 60 -120 eggs per mating Adults emerge after 5 -8 days Eggs hatch 4 -6 days Larvae pupate after 11 -13 days Photos: (Left) Marja van der Straten, NVWA Plant Protection Service, Bugwood. org, #5432148, (Bottom) https: //www. inspection. gc. ca/plant-health/plant-pests-invasive-species/insects/tomato-leafminer/factsheet/eng/1328634442933/1328887251933 , (Top) tutaabsoulta. com, (Right)Sangmi Lee, Hasbrouck Insect Collection, Arizona State University, www. bugwood. org, #5431769

Monitoring and Management • Monitoring: — Scouting — Synthetic pheromones in delta or sticky traps • Cultural management: — rotation with non-solanaceous crops — ploughing for weed control — adequate fertilization and irrigation to minimize plant stress — destruction of infested plants — removal of plant debris after harvest Photo credit: Dr. J. E. Hayden, FDACS-DPI Sticky board with males attracted to pheromone

Monitoring and Management • Chemical Management: — insecticides can be effective, but some evidence of resistance • Biological control: — research being done on various parasitoids or predators • Resistant cultivars are also being investigated Photo credit: Peggy Greb, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Bugwood. org, image #5526014 Trichogrammid wasp ovipositing into an arthropod egg

Reporting Distance Diagnostic and Identification System • Digital Diagnostic Collaboration – Extension agents – Laboratories – Clinics – Specialists • https: //ddis. ifas. ufl. edu/

Reporting a Pest in Florida UF/IFAS Faculty • Local county extension office – https: //sfyl. ifas. ufl. edu/find-your-local-office/ • Insect ID Lab- Lyle Buss – http: //entnemdept. ufl. edu/insectid/ • UF/IFAS Plant Diagnostic Center- Dr. Carrie Harmon – https: //plantpath. ifas. ufl. edu/extension/plant-diagnostic-center/

Reporting FDACS: Division of Plant Industry • FDACS, DPI Responsibility o Announcing detection or establishment of new invasive species. o Reporting is a legal obligation under Florida Statute 581. 091. • Submission Form – http: //forms. freshfromflorida. com/08400. pdf – https: //www. fdacs. gov/Agriculture-Industry/Pests-and-Diseases/How-to. Submit-a-Sample-for-Identification

FDACS, DPI Contact • Division of Plant Industry Helpline – DPIHelpline@FDACS. gov – 1 -888 -397 -1517 • Dr. Leroy Whilby, Bureau Chief of Entomology, Nematology and Plant Pathology – Leroy. whilby@fdacs. gov – 352 -395 -4661 • Dr. Paul Skelley, Chief Entomologist and Assistant Bureau Chief of Entomology, Nematology and Plant Pathology – Paul. skelley@fdacs. gov – 352 -395 -4678

Original Authors • Carla Burkle, DPM – Former Vegetable Production Extension Educator, Penn State University • Smriti Bhotika, Ph. D. – USDA, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine • Amanda Hodges, Ph. D. – Associate Extension Scientist, Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida

Revision Authors • Benjamin Waldo, M. S. – DPM student, Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florid • Amanda Hodges, Ph. D. – Associate Extension Scientist, Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida

Original Editors • Stephanie Stocks – Solutions Consultant, Turnitin. Laurel, MD. • Jennifer Hamel, Ph. D. – Assistant Professor, Department of Biology, Elon University • Matthew D. Smith, Ph. D. – Former Post-Doctoral Associate, University of Florida • All original editors were post-doctoral associate or other staff within the University of Florida, Biosecurity Research and Education Lab.

Reviewers • Julieta Brambila, M. S. – USDA, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine. • James E. Hayden, Ph. D. – • Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry. Leroy Whilby, DPM – Bureau Chief - Entomology, Nematology and Plant Pathology, Division of Plant Industry, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services • Morgan Pinkerton, DPM – Extension Agent, University of Florida/Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Seminole County • Gideon Alake, Ph. D. – Postdoctoral Associate, Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida

Collaborating Agencies • U. S. Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (USDA-APHIS) • Cooperative Agricultural Pest Survey Program (CAPS) • Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services (FDACS) • National Plant Diagnostic Network (NPDN) • Sentinel Plant Network (SPN) • Protect U. S. • University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (UF-IFAS)

Educational Disclaimer and Citation • This presentation can be used for educational purposes for NON-PROFIT workshops, trainings, etc. • Original citation: – Burkle, C. , B. S. , Bhotika, S. 2014. Tuta absoluta, June 2014. – http: //entnemdept. ufl. edu/Hodges/FL_FD/index. html#: ~: t ext=Florida%20 First%20 Detector%20 is%20 a, nursery%20 in dustries%2 C%20 and%20 natural%20 areas.

Educational Disclaimer and Citation • This presentation can be used for educational purposes for NON-PROFIT workshops, trainings, etc. • New citation: – Burkle, C. , Bhotika, S. , Waldo, B. , Hodges, A. 2020. Tuta absoluta, August 2014. www. flfirstdetector. org

• • References Bloem, S. and E. Spaltenstein. 2011. New Pest Response Guidelines: Tomato Leafminer (Tuta absoluta). USDA–APHIS– PPQ–EDP Emergency Management, Riverdale, Maryland. Brambila, J. , S. Lee, and S. Passoa. 2010. Tuta absoluta diagnostic aid. Cooperative Agriculture Pest Survey program. CABI Invasive Species Compendium. Tuta absoluta. Accessed 22 May 2020. – http: //download. ceris. purdue. edu/file/3030 Cooperative Agricultural Pest Survey. 2014. Survey manual: Tuta absoluta. Accessed 22 May 2020. – http: //download. ceris. purdue. edu/file/3030 European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization. 2005. Data sheets on quarantine pests: Tuta absoluta. EPPO Bulletin 35, p. 434– 435. Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services. 2013. Florida Agriculture by the Numbers. Hayden, J. E. , S. Lee, S. C. Passoa, J. Young, J. -F. Landry, V. Nazari, R. Mally, L. A. Somma, and K. M. Ahlmark. 2013. Digital Identification of Microlepidoptera on Solanaceae. USDA-APHIS-PPQ Identification Technology Program (ITP). Fort Collins, CO. Smith, Melissa. 2012. Virginia Tech research program confirms presence of invasive insect in Senegal. Virginia Tech News. Published 28 Sep 2012. Accessed 23 Feb 2013. – http: //www. vtnews. vt. edu/articles/2012/09/092812 -oired-tuta. html