Turtle Dissection Scientists believe other land vertebrates evolved
Turtle Dissection
Scientists believe other land vertebrates evolved from BONY LOBE-FINNED fish
TURTLE LATIN meaning ANIMALIA KINGDOM _______ PHYLUM ______________ CHORDATA VERTEBRATA “backbone” SUBPHYLUM ______________ REPTILIA “to creep or crawl” CLASS ________________ CHELONIA “tortoise” ORDER _______________
INTEGUMENT THICK, DRY, SCALY SKIN Contains KERATIN (protein) LIPIDS & PROTEINS make it water tight
ADVANTAGES over thin, moist Amphibian skin 1. WATER TIGHT - Keeps them from drying out on land 2. TOUGH PROTECTION – - prevents injury, keeps out germs, - prevents wear & tear on skin when crawling around on land
Image from: http: //www. dfo-mpo. gc. ca/canwaters-eauxcan/bbb-lgb/creatures-animaux/reptiles/index_e. asp
SHELL IS LIVING PART OF BODY Expanded ribs form shell Can regenerate damaged scutes Growth rings tell age
Limbs at right angles to body
Location of Pelvic and Pectoral girdles allow turtle to pull limbs into shell http: //www. biosci. ohio-state. edu/~eeob/anatomy/eeob 512/miscellaneous/turtleskeleton. jpg
Nictitating membrane Tympanic membrane External nares Only reptiles with NO TEETH
Claws on feet
VENT
WHAT SEX IS IT? FEMALES: Short tail Vent closer MALES: Longer tail Vent farther from body
CURVE OF PLASTRON MALE PLASTRON slightly CONCAVE to fit on top of female FEMALE PLASTRON slightly CONVEX to make more room for eggs
INTERNAL FERTILIZATION Penis deposits sperm inside female’s body Increases chances of sperm and egg meeting Image from: http: //www. turtletimes. com/Photo. Contest/2001 Photo. Contests/May 2001/Geoemyda%20 spengleri%20 mating. jpg
GLOTTIS – respiratory opening
PHARYNX GULLET GLOTTIS INTERNAL NARES
Ectothermic • Body heat comes from surrounding environment • Slow metabolism/low activity in cold places • “cold-blooded” • EX: All invertebrates, fish, amphibians, reptiles
ECTOTHERMIC ADVANTAGES: Slow metabolism means you can survive on 1/10 the food as a same size endotherm DISADVANTAGES: • Can’t to live in extremely cold places (NO reptiles in Arctic) • Can’t keep up max activity level for long
Endothermic “warm-blooded” • Create own body heat • FAST metabolism allows for: high activity for extended time ability to live in variety of environments • EX: Birds, Mammals
PELVIC & PECTORAL GIRDLES inside ribs PERICARDIAL MEMBRANE Covers & protects heart
EXCRETORY URINARY BLADDER
Vent Image from: http: //theturtlepages. crosswinds. net/anatomy/index. html
LIVER Makes BILE Stores GLYCOGEN Stores VITAMINS Processes TOXINS including nitrogen waste for kidneys
Image from: http: //www. spc. cc. tx. us/biology/jmckinney/Studyimages/turtledissectlist. html
GALL BLADDER Stores BILE
STOMACH Add ACID; Start DIGESTION; Grind & mash food
MESENTERY
PANCREAS In mesentery near first loop of small intestine Makes TRYPSIN, INSULIN, GLUCAGON
SMALL INTESTINE Duodenum Ileum LARGE INTESTINE (Also called COLON)
CLOACA
SPLEEN Make, store, recycle RBC’s
TURTLE HEART 3 CHAMBERS 2 atria; 1 ventricle Image from: BIODIDAC Sinus Venosus & Conus Arteriosus are smaller PARTIAL SEPTUM: begins to divide ventricle into two sides
Sinus venosus RIGHT LEFT Lungs Atrium Ventricle Body organs Conus arteriosus FROG/TURTLE CIRCULATION
ENDOCRINE Glands that make hormones that control other body organs PANCREAS controls blood sugar levels THYROID: located above heart Makes hormones that control heart rate, blood pressure; cell development and growth
TRACHEA & ESOPHAGUS
BRONCHI
LUNGS HAVE ALVEOLI FROG LUNG TURTLE LUNG Increase surface area for more gas exchange Images modified from: http: //www. stclement. pvt. k 12. il. us/student. Web/science 98/Garritt. Pat. M/alveoli. gif
Images modified from: http: //theturtlepages. crosswinds. net/anatomy/index. html REPRODUCTIVE Vent MALE Vent FEMALE
OVARY • make eggs OVIDUCT • add shells • transport to cloaca
EPIDIDYMIS –sperm mature here; add tails TESTES – make sperm Image from: BIODIDAC
INTERNAL FERTILIZATION Increases chances of sperm and egg meeting Image from: http: //www. turtletimes. com/Photo. Contest/2001 Photo. Contests/May 2001/Geoemyda%20 spengleri%20 mating. jpg
DIRECT DEVELOPMENT Image from: http: //www. neuroscientist. com/animimag/turtles. htm
SEX is determined by TEMPERATURE of NEST Image from: http: //www. parcplace. org/documents/General. Herp. Info/learnabout 2. htm
Types of Reproduction
Ways offspring enter world OVIPARITY- Reproductive tract encloses egg in a protective shell Eggs deposited outside body to hatch Nourishment comes from egg EX: Most reptiles, birds & a few mammals (monotremes)
Ways offspring enter world VIVIPARITYNo shell around egg Eggs retained in body Nourished by mother through placenta Offspring are born alive Ex: Mammals & some reptiles
Ways offspring enter world OVOVIVIPARITYEgg surrounded by protective shell but kept in body until just before hatching or can hatch inside female Nourishment comes from egg not mother Ex: Some reptiles (snakes)
OVI PARITY SHELL? NO SHELL? Embryo grows? Food comes From? Seen in? SHELL OUTSIDE EGG Birds, Reptiles, Few mammals OVOVIVI PARITY SHELL INSIDE VIVI PARITY NO SHELL INSIDE EGG MOTHER Reptiles Mammals, few reptiles
AMNIOTIC EGG
NERVOUS • COMPLEX BRAIN • DORSAL SPINAL CORD (Spine is fused to shell)
TURTLE BRAIN BIGGER CEREBRUM than same sized amphibian Image modified from: http: //theturtlepages. crosswinds. net/anatomy/reprodexc. html
WHAT’S IN REPTILES? Internal fertilization- (Penis) increases chances of sperm finding egg allows addition of protective shell Amniotic eggscan lay eggs on land now; better protection for embryos Partial septumbetter separation on high/low oxygen blood
WHAT’S IN REPTILES? Other kinds of reproduction(OVOVIVIPARITY; VIVIPARITY) increases chances for offspring survival Control over Pulmonary circulation can shift blood away from lungs to body when needed Dry, scaly skin better able to live on land
WHAT’S IN REPTILES? Nitrogen waste = uric acid AMMONIA UREA URIC ACID Least toxic form; Needs least water to dilute conserves water Bigger cerebrum“smarter”; more complex behaviors
WHAT’S IN REPTILES? LUNGS have ALVEOLI increases surface area for more gas exchange Sex depends on temperature of eggscan change sex based on population needs
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