TURNING 2011S DISASTERS INTO EDUCATIONAL SURGES THAT WILL

TURNING 2011’S DISASTERS INTO EDUCATIONAL SURGES THAT WILL ADVANCE DISASTER RESILIENCE PART 7 Dr. Walter Hays, Global Alliance For Disaster Reduction

GOAL: COMMUNITY DISASTER RESILIENCE USE DISASTER’S INFO TO IMPROVE COMMUNITY RESILIENCE INCREASE TECHNICAL AND POLITICL CAPACITY OF COMMUNITY TO COPE INCREASE OWNERSHIP AND USE OF KNOWLEDGE AND EXPERIENCE FLOODS SEVERE WIND STORMS EARTHQUAKES DROUGHTS LANDSLIDES WILDFIRES VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS TSUNAMIS GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE TECHNOLOGICAL HAZARDS

NOTABLE DISASTERS IN 2011 FLOODS IN AUSTRALIA NEW KNOWLEDGE FOR MAKING COMMUNITIES DISASTER RESIILIENT EARTHQUAKE/TSUNAMI IN JAPAN WILDFIRES IN FLORIDA, TEXAS, AND ARIZONA , ETC EXPERIENCE FOR CHANGE HURRICANE IRENE AND TROPIAL STORM LEE FLOODS ALONG THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER SUPER TORNADO OUTBREAK VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS

VOLCANOES are awesome manifestations of heat flowing as a result of hot spots (e. g. , Hawaii and Iceland) and movement along faults located in subduction zones (e. g. , the Pacific Rim).

2011’S KNOWLEDGE AND EXPERIENCE BASE INCLUDED NOTABLE VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS IN ICELAND CHILE MAY - JUNE, 2011

USING 2011’S EXPERIENCES TO INFORM ALL ELEMENTS OF SOCIETY WILL MOVE COMMUNITIES TOWARDS THE IMPORTANT NATIONAL GOAL OF VOLCANO DISASTER RESILIENCE

A DISASTER is --- the set of failures that overwhelm the capability of a community to respond without external help when three continuums: 1) people, 2) community (i. e. , a set of habitats, livelihoods, and social constructs), and 3) complex events (e. g. , floods, earthquakes, . . . , ) intersect at a point in space and time.

Disasters are caused by single- or multiple-event natural hazards that, (for various reasons), caused extreme levels of mortality, morbidity, homelessness, joblessness, economic losses, or environmental impacts.

THE THREE CONTINUUMS OF EVERY DISASTER • PEOPLE • COMMUNITY • COMPLEX EVENTS

A DISASTER IMPACTS ALL SOCIETAL ELEMENTS

AN EDUCATIONAL SURGE • Transforms information and experience gained from a disaster into knowledge, best practices, and technologies that help communities become disaster resilient.

HOW TO BUILD CAPACITY FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE • Identify the gaps in community capacity in the four critical elements of the solution: Preparedness, Protection, Response, and Recovery. • Use the accumulated knowledge and experience base to fill the perceived gaps in Preparedness, Protection, Response, and Recovery in the community.

CRITICAL ELEMENTS FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE • PREPAREDNESS (READY FOR ANY COMPLEX EVENT) • PROTECTION (BUILD ESSENTIAL AND CRITICAL FACILITIES TO WITHSTAND)

CRITICAL ELEMENTS FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE • RESPONSE (SAVING LIVES, AND ENSURING CONTINUITY) • RECOVERY (BOUNCING BACK QUICKLY AND RESUMING LIFE AGAIN)

BENEFITS OF AN EDUCATIONAL SURGE • Intensifies efforts to protect essential (schools) and critical facilities (hospitals, dams, transportation, systems, and power plants).

EDUCATIONAL SURGES CREATE TURNING POINTS FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE ALL SECTORS OF SOCIETY INFORMED IGNORANCE TO ENLIGHTENMENT EDUCATIONAL SURGES CHANGE POLICIES BASED ON A COMMUNITY’S RISK APATHY TO EMPOWERMENT BOUNDARIES TO NETWORKS STATUS QUO TO GOOD POLITICAL DECISIONS

TURNING POINTS FOR CHANGE NEW RESOURCES NEW DELIVERY MECHANISMS EDUCATIONAL SURGES WILL RESULT IN … NEW PROFESSIONAL LINKAGES NEW LEGISLATIVE MANDATES NEW DIALOGUE ON BUILDING A CULTURE OF DISASTERRISK REDUCTION

EDUCATIONAL SURGE ADD VALUE INCREASE AWARENESS AN EDUCATIONAL SURGE WILL INCREASE UNDERSTANDING INCREASE POLITICAL WILL BUILD EQUITY

BENEFITS OF EDUCATIONAL SURGES EXPAND CAPABILITY IMPROVE DELIVERY MECHANISMS EDUCATIONAL SURGES OVERCOME UNIVERSAL BARRIERS CREATE TURNING POINTS OF CHANGE INCREASE COMMUNITY DISASTER RESILIENCE

ICELAND’S GRIMSVOTN ERUPTS SATURDAY, MAY 21, 2011

ICELAND A LAND OF FIRE (VOLCANOES) AND ICE

Iceland lies on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, the highly volatile, divergent boundary between the Eurasian and North American tectonic plates that is marked by volcanic eruptions and the associated volcano hazards.

ICELAND PLATE TECTONICS

GRIMSVOTN: ICELAND’S MOST ACTIVE VOLCANO

The Eyjafjallajökull Volcano in Southern Iceland

GRIMSVOTN • Iceland's most active volcano, Grimsvotn, located at the heart of its biggest glacier, Vatnajoekull, emitted smoke and lava before erupting.

THE ASH PLUME FROM GRIMSVOTN REACHED 20 KM (12 MI)

AIR TRAVEL AFFECTED • The ash plume, which was more than twice the height of last year’ eruption of EYJAFJOELL, led to the establishment of “no fly zone” of 220 km (120 mi) in all directions around the summit, leaving planes grounded and closing airspace across Iceland.

EYJAFJOELL’S ASH PLUME ONLY REACHED 9 KM (5. 6 MI)

BUT, EYJAFJOELL’S IMMEDIATE IMPACT ON AIR TRAVEL WAS WORSE • In 2010, EYJAFJOELL’s vertical ash plume, which, unlike Grimsvotn’s, was comprised of very fine silica ash, shut down large portions of European airspace for almost a month, and forced 600 people to evacuate from their homes.

Eyjafjallajökull

Eyjafjallajökull: UNDER A GLACIER; MARCH 27, 2010

ASH CLOUD FROM APRIL 14 ERUPTION

HEAVY FLOODING: APRIL 14, 2010

(DARK) ASH CLOUD OVER ICELAND: APRIL 15, 2010

STEAM AND ASH CLOUD: APRIL 18, 2010

The ash cloud, made up of minute particles of silica that can severely damage jet engines, left airplanes stranded on the tarmac at some of the world’s busiest airports.

CHILE’S VOLCANO PUYEHUE ERUPTED WITH A MASSIVE ASH CLOUD AND SPECTACULAR LIGHTNING JUNE 4, 2011

VOLCANO PUYEHUE’S ASH CLOUD: JUNE 4, 2011

PUYEHUE’S ASH CLOUD AND LIGHTNING

VOLCANO PUYEHUE: JUNE 4, 2011

PUYEHUE’S ASH CLOUD § The ash cloud over the Southern Hemisphere has impacted Argentina and spread as far as South Africa and Australia.

ASH COVERED SREETS OF SAN CARLOS DE BARILOCHE

TRAVELERS: ARGENTINA’S JORGE NEWBERY AIRPORT

COMMUNITY RESILIENCE REQUIRES INTEGRATION OF RESEARCH AND SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE GAINED FROM “DISASTER LABORATORIES, ” WITH EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES --ALL WITHIN THE COMMUNITY’S POLITICAL PROCESS.

RISK ASSESSMENT • HAZARD MAPS • INVENTORY • VULNERABILITY • LOCATION DATA BASES AND INFORMATION ACCEPTABLE RISK UNACCEPTABLE RISK VOLCANO DISASTER RESILIENCE COMMUNITY KEY POLICIES HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS • PREPAREDNESS • PROTECTION • RESPONSE • RECOVERY

EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES FOR VOLCANO DISASTER RESILIENCE • FORECASTS OF ERUPTIONS • MONITORING TECHNOLOGIES (E. G. , DEFORMATION, SEISMICITY, GAS EMISSIONS, REMOTE SENSING, WINDS) • WARNING SYSTEMS • EVACUATIONS • DATABASES FOR EACH VOLCANO • COMPUTER MODELS OF HAZARDS • MAPS • DISASTER SCENARIOS • HAZARD ASSESSMENT • RISK ASSESSMENT

PREPAREDNESS: KNOW THE HAZARDS (Potential Disaster Agents)

VOLCANO HAZARDS (AKA POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS) • • VERTICAL PLUME ASH AND TEPHRA LATERAL BLAST PYROCLASTIC FLOWS

VOLCANO HAZARDS (AKA POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS) • LAVA FLOWS • LAHARS • EARTHQUAKES (related to movement of lava) • “VOLCANIC WINTER”

POTECTION: REAL-TIME MONITORING OF THE VOLCANO

MONITORING TECHNOLOGIES.

POTECTION: KNOW THE RISK AND THE COUNTERMEASUES

CAUSES OF RISK LATERAL BLAST PYROCLASTIC FLOWS FLYING DEBRIS VOLCANIC ASH ERUPTIONS CASE HISTORIES LAVA FLOWS LAHARS TOXIC GASES

VOLCANIC ASH: A HIGH RISK TO AVIATION • JET AIRCRAFT ARE SUSCEPTIBLE TO ENGINE FAILURE AND FREE FALL WHEN FLYING THROUGH AN ASH CLOUD.

LAVA DIVERSION CHANNELS • LAVA FLOWS CAN BE DIVERTED AWAY FROM COMMUNITIES INTO THE OCEAN

LAHAR DIVERSION CHANNELS • LAHARS CAN BE DIVERTED AWAY FROM URBAN CENTERS.

LAHAR SIMULATION

RESPONSE STRATEGIES • PURPOSE • CONTROL • EVACUATION • TECHNIQUE • MAP LAVA AND/OR LAHAR FLOW PATHS • CREATE COMMUNITY EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLAN

COMMUNITY EVACUATION PLAN • 11, 000 from three districts were evacuated to schools and other designated emergency shelters.