TUJUAN PEMBELAJARAN OBJECTIVES SETELAH MEMPELAJARI MATERI INI DIHARAPKAN

TUJUAN PEMBELAJARAN OBJECTIVES SETELAH MEMPELAJARI MATERI INI DIHARAPKAN SISWA DAPAT: AFTER LEARNING THIS CHAPTER YOU ARE EXPECTED TO BE ABLE TO: § Membuat peta konsep sistem kekebalan tubuh manusia § Mengidentifikasi komponen yang terlibat dalam sistem § kekebalan tubuh manusia Menjelaskan proses kekebalan tubuh bekerja. To make a concept map of human body immunity system To identify component are involved in body immunity system To explain working process of body immunity Regents Biology

phagocytic leukocyte “Fighting the Enemy Within” Immune System AP Biology lymphocytes attacking cancer cell lymph system 2006 -2007

Avenues of attack § Points of entry digestive system u respiratory system u urinary system u genitals u break in skin u § Pathways for attack circulatory system u lymph system u Regents Biology

Why an immune system? § Attack from the outside & inside u u lots of organisms want you for lunch! we are a tasty vitamin-packed meal § cells are packages of proteins, carbohydrates & fats § no cell wall u u animals must defend themselves against invaders § viruses w HIV, flu, cold, measles, chicken pox, SARS § bacteria w pneumonia, meningitis, tuberculosis § fungi w yeast § protists w amoeba, Lyme disease, malaria cancer cells § abnormal body cells Regents Biology What’s for lunch? !

How are invaders recognized? § Antigens u chemical name tags on the surface of every cell § “self” vs. “invader” one of your own cells disease-causing virus disease-causing bacteria antigens say: “I belong here” antigens say: “I am an invader” Regents Biology

Lines of defense § 1 st line: Barriers u broad, external defense § “walls & moats” u skin & mucus membranes § 2 nd line: Non-specific patrol u broad, internal defense § “patrolling soldiers” u phagocyte (eating) WBCs § 3 rd line: Immune system u specific, acquired immunity § “elite trained units” u lymphocyte WBCs & antibodies Regents Biology § B & T cells

1 st line: Physical Barriers § non-specific defense § external barriers u u skin & mucus membranes excretions § § § sweat stomach acid tears mucus saliva w “lick your wounds” Regents Biology Lining of trachea: ciliated cells & mucus secreting cells

2 nd: Generalist, broad range patrols § Patrolling white blood cells u attack invaders that get through the skin § recognize invader by reading antigen w surface name tag u phagocyte cells § macrophages § “big eaters” Regents Biology Macrophage “eating” bacteria

Lymph system Production of white blood cells & traps “foreign” invaders lymph vessels (intertwined amongst blood vessels) Regents Biology 2 nd “circulatory” system lymph node

Phagocytes macrophage bacteria white blood cells that eat macrophage Regents Biology yeast

Why do injuries swell? § Inflammation u injured cells release chemical signals Pin or splinter § histamines w increases blood flow w brings more white blood cells to fight bacteria w brings more red blood cells & clotting factors to repair Regents Biology Bacteria Blood clot Swelling Chemical alarm signals Phagocytes Blood vessel

Fever § When a local response is not enough u full body response to infection u raises body temperature u higher temperature helps in defense § slows growth of germs § helps macrophages § speeds up repair of tissues Regents Biology

3 rd line: Lymphocytes § Specific defense u responds to specific invaders § recognizes specific foreign antigens § white blood cells w. B cells & antibodies w. T cells Regents Biology B cell

B cells & antibodies § B cells white blood cells that attack invaders in blood u mature in Bone marrow u § Patrolling B cells u make antibodies against invader immediately § Memory B cells remembers invader u can make antibodies quickly the next time u § protects you from getting disease more than once Regents Biology

Antibodies § Proteins made by B cells that tag invaders in the blood so macrophages can eat them u tag says “this is an invader” gotcha! § biological “handcuffs” antibody attaches to antigen of invader Y Y Y Regents Biology Y Y Y Y YY Y Y invading germs tagged with antibodies Y B cells releasing antibodies Y u Y macrophage eating tagged invaders

Y release antibodies patrol blood forever Y Y “reserves” Y YY Y Y Y Y 10 to 17 days Y Y Regents Biology Y Y Y Y Y Y memory B cells Y Y Y Y Y recognition B cells Y Y YY Y B cells Y Y (foreign antigen) Y Y Y invader Y Y B cells immune response Y

Vaccinations § Exposure to harmless version of germ stimulates immune system to produce antibodies to invader u rapid response if future exposure u § Most successful against viral diseases Regents Biology

Jonas Salk § Developed first vaccine u against polio April 12, 1955 Regents Biology 1914 – 1995

Polio epidemics 1994: Americas polio free Regents Biology

Protecting you from disease § Vaccinations u advantage § don’t get illness § long term immunity w produce antibodies for life § works against many viruses & bacteria § IMPORTANT PROTECTION u disadvantage § not possible against all invaders antibodies pass from mother to Breastfeeding baby in breast milk u mother’s milk gives baby antibodies & keeps baby healthy` Regents Biology

What if the attacker gets past the B cells in the blood & infects some of your cells? You need trained assassins to kill off these infected cells! T AP Biology Attack of the Killer T cells! 2006 -2007

T cells § T cells mature in Thymus § Helper T cells u sound the alarm for rest of immune system § Killer T cells u destroy infected body cells § Memory T cells u remembers invader & reacts against it again quickly Where’s that? Regents Biology

Thymus Regents Biology

Attack of the Killer T cells § Killer T cells destroy infected body cells T cell binds to invaded cell u secretes perforating protein u § punctures cell membrane of infected cell § cell bursts Killer T cell membrane Perforin punctures cell membrane Regents Biology vesicle cell membrane invaded cell

Immune response invader skin invaders in body invaders in blood skin invaders infect cells macrophages helper T cells B cells Y Y antibodies Y Regents Biology Y antibodies Y Y Y memory T cells Y Y memory B cells Y patrolling B cells T cells killer T cells

Diseases of the immune system § HIV: Human Immunodeficiency Virus infects helper T cells u helper T cells can’t activate rest of immune system u § body doesn’t hear the alarm § AIDS: Acquired Immuno. Deficiency Syndrome immune system is weakened u infections by other diseases u death from other invading diseases or cancer u Regents Biology

How to protect yourself… Regents Biology

Curing you of disease § Antibiotics = medicine u advantage § kill bacteria that have successfully invaded you w make you well after being sick u disadvantage § use only after sick § only good against bacteria § possible development of resistance by bacteria (if don’t use correctly) § can get sick again Regents Biology

Immune system malfunctions § Auto-immune diseases u immune system attacks own cells § lupus w antibodies attack many different body cells § rheumatoid arthritis w antibodies causing damage to cartilage & bone § diabetes w insulin-making cells of pancreas attacked & destroyed § multiple sclerosis w T cells attack myelin sheath of brain & spinal cord nerves w fatal Regents Biology

Immune system malfunctions § Allergies u over-reaction to harmless compounds § allergens w proteins on pollen w proteins from dust mites w proteins in animal saliva § body mistakenly thinks they are attackers Regents Biology

It’s safe to ask Questions! AP Biology 2009 -2010

Blood Type antigens & antibodies AP Biology 2009 -2010

Blood type; antigens & antibodies blood type antigen on RBC antibodies in blood donation status A type A antigens on surface of RBC anti-B antibodies __ B type B antigens on surface of RBC anti-A antibodies __ AB both type A & type B antigens on surface of RBC no antibodies universal recipient O no antigens on surface of RBC anti-A & anti-B antibodies universal donor Matching compatible blood groups is critical for blood transfusions A Regents person. Biology produces antibodies against foreign blood antigens

Blood donation clotting clotting Regents Biology

Do you bloody well have any Questions? AP Biology 2009 -2010