Tuesday November 29 2016 Note Project The review

Tuesday November 29, 2016 Note – Project – The review packet should be completed and turned in on 11/28 (Your final project grade, essential to pass this class) SPS 7. Students will relate Our goal is 80% transformations and flow of energy within a system. Learning targets, GPS - a. Identify energy transformations within a system (e. g. lighting of a match). b. Investigate molecular motion as it relates to thermal energy changes in terms of conduction, convection, and radiation. c. Determine the heat capacity of a substance using mass, specific heat, and temperature. Catalyst: Given, Un Known , equation &Solution must be shown. What is the current if the voltage is 18 volts and resistance is 7 ohms? Topic: Electricity Essential Question: I can Identify energy transformations within a system I can differentiate between conduction, convection and radiation I can calculate for potential and kinetic energy I can differentiate the various forms of energy And answer a question like this: I can relate energy and work I can relate determine the Identify the different types of heat capacity of a substance energy transformation in each

Agenda Milestones Domain/Weight: Atomic and Nuclear Theory and the Periodic Table 25% Catalyst 10 min Intro-reading a solubility chart 30 min Tasty solution - Lab 30 min. Video - conclusion 10 min

Ch. 18 - Waves & Sound I. Characteristics of Waves Ø Transverse waves Ø Longitudinal waves Ø Measuring waves

A. Waves Ø Waves w rhythmic disturbances that carry energy through matter or space Ø Medium w material through which a wave transfers energy w solid, liquid, gas, or combination w electromagnetic waves don’t need a medium (e. g. visible light)

B. Waves & Energy Ø Waves w Carry energy w Waves are caused by vibrations w Can do work w Move objects Ø Energy w Waves carry energy w Vibration is a transfer of energy w As waves carry energy the particles in the medium move w the direction of the motion determines the type of wave

C. Categories of Waves Ø Mechanical Waves w Must travel through a medium w Cannot travel through a vacuum w Examples: sound, ocean waves Ø Electromagnetic Waves w Does not require a medium w Can be transferred through a vacuum w Examples: light, UV rays, Visible light

D. Types of Waves ØTwo Types: Longitudinal Transverse

D. Transverse Waves ØTransverse Waves w medium vibrates perpendicular to the direction of wave motion w Examples: water waves, electromagnetic waves

B. Transverse Waves ØWave Anatomy corresponds to the amount of energy carried by the wave crests wavelength amplitude nodes wavelength troughs

E. Longitudinal Waves ØLongitudinal Waves (a. k. a. compressional waves) w medium moves in the same direction as the wave’s motion w Examples: sound waves, springs, slinky

E. Longitudinal Waves ØWave Anatomy compression rarefaction wavelength Amount of compression corresponds to amount of energy AMPLITUDE

F. Measuring Waves ØFrequency ( f ) w # of waves passing a point in 1 second w SI unit: Hertz (Hz) w shorter wavelength higher frequency higher energy 1 second

F. Measuring Waves 1 Cycle Frequency = period ( second ) or period = the amount of time for one cycle to do a complete motion Frequency is measured in hertz (Hz). 1 Hz = 1 wave per second

F. Measuring Waves ØVelocity ( v ) w speed of a wave as it moves forward w depends on wave type and medium v= ×f v: velocity (m/s) : wavelength (m) f: frequency (Hz)

F. Measuring Waves Solid Ø Molecules are close together so waves travel very quickly. Liquid Ø Molecules are farther apart but can slide past one another so waves do not travel as fast. Gas Ø Molecules are very far apart so a molecule has to travel far before it hits another molecule, so waves travel slowest in gases.

F. Measuring Waves Ø EX: Find the velocity of a wave in a wave pool if its wavelength is 3. 2 m and its frequency is 0. 60 Hz. WORK: v= ×f GIVEN: v=? = 3. 2 m f = 0. 60 Hz v = (3. 2 m)(0. 60 Hz) v v = 1. 92 m/s f

F. Measuring Waves Ø EX: An earthquake produces a wave that has a wavelength of 417 m and travels at 5000 m/s. What is its frequency? WORK: f=v÷ GIVEN: = 417 m v = 5000 m/s f=? v f = (5000 m/s) ÷ (417 m) f = 12 Hz f

Ch. 17 – Waves II. Wave Behavior Ø Ø Ø Reflection Refraction Diffraction Interference Constructive Interference Destructive Interference Ø Doppler effect

A. Wave Interactions ØWave Interaction w When a wave meets an object or another wave. w When a wave passes into another medium w Examples: reflection, diffraction, refraction, interference, resonance

A. Reflection Normal ØReflection w when a wave strikes an object and bounces off incident beam reflected beam

A. Reflection ØWhen a wave bounces off a surface that is cannot pass through

B. Refraction ØRefraction w bending of waves when passing from one medium to another w caused by a change in speed • slower (more dense) light bends toward the normal • faster (less dense) light bends away from the normal SLOWER FASTER

B. Refraction ØThe bending of a wave as it enters a new medium at an angle.

B. Refraction ØRefraction depends on… w speed of light in the medium w wavelength of the light - shorter wavelengths (blue) bend more

B. Refraction ØExample: View explanation.

C. Diffraction ØThe bending of a wave as it moves around an obstacle or passes through a narrow opening.

C. Diffraction ØDiffraction w bending of waves around a barrier w longer wavelengths (red) bend more opposite of refraction

D. Interference ØThe interaction of two or more waves that combine in a region of overlap

D. Interference ØTwo types of Interference w constructive brighter light w destructive dimmer light

E/F. Constructive & Destructive Interference Ø Both are caused by two or more waves interacting, but… Ø Constructive interference combines the energies of the two waves into a greater amplitude Ø Destructive interference reduces the energies of the two waves into a smaller amplitude.

G. Doppler Effect A change in wave frequency caused by movement of sound source, motion of the listener, or both.

Ch. 18 - Waves & Sound III. The Nature of Sound Ø Speed of Sound Ø Human hearing Ø Doppler effect Ø Seeing with sound

A. Speed of Sound Ø 344 m/s in air at 20°C ØDepends on: w Type of medium • travels better through solids than through liquids • can’t travel through a vacuum w Temperature of medium • travels faster at higher temperatures

B. Human Hearing sound wave vibrates ear drum amplified by bones converted to nerve impulses in cochlea

B. Human Hearing ØPitch w highness or lowness of a sound w depends on frequency of sound wave w human range: 20 - 20, 000 Hz ultrasonic waves subsonic waves

B. Human Hearing ØIntensity w volume of sound w depends on energy (amplitude) of sound wave w measured in decibels (d. B)

B. Human Hearing DECIBEL SCALE 100 70 40 0 10 18 80 110 120

C. Doppler Effect ØDoppler Effect w change in wave frequency caused by a moving wave source w moving toward you - pitch sounds higher w moving away from you pitch sounds lower

C. Doppler Effect Stationary source same frequency in all directions Moving source Supersonic source lower higher frequency waves combine to produce a shock wave called a sonic boom

D. Seeing with Sound ØUltrasonic waves - above 20, 000 Hz Medical Imaging SONAR “Sound Navigation Ranging”

IV. Electromagnetic Radiation (p. 528 -535) Ø EM Radiation Ø EM Spectrum Ø Types of EM Radiation

A. Electromagnetic Radiation ØElectromagnetic Radiation w transverse waves produced by the motion of electrically charged particles w does not require a medium w speed in a vacuum = 300, 000 km/s w electric and magnetic components are perpendicular

B. Electromagnetic Spectrum ØThe full range of light

B. Electromagnetic (EM) Spectrum long short low f high f low energy high energy

C. Types of EM Radiation ØRabbits Meet In Very Unusual Xciting Gardens

C. Types of EM Radiation ØRadio waves w Lowest energy EM radiation w FM - frequency modulation w AM - amplitude modulation ØMicrowaves w penetrate food and vibrate water & fat molecules to produce thermal energy

C. Types of EM Radiation ØInfrared Radiation (IR) w slightly lower energy than visible light w can raise thermal energy of objects w thermogram - image made by detecting IR radiation

C. Types of EM Radiation ØVisible Light w small part of the spectrum we can see w ROY G. BIV colors in order of increasing energy red R O Y G. orange green yellow B blue I indigo V violet

C. Types of EM Radiation ØUltraviolet Radiation (UV) w slightly higher energy than visible light w Types: • UVA - tanning, wrinkles • UVB - sunburn, cancer • UVC - most harmful, sterilization

C. Types of EM Radiation ØUltraviolet Radiation (UV) w Ozone layer depletion = UV exposure!

C. Types of EM Radiation ØX rays w higher energy than UV w can penetrate soft tissue, but not bones

C. Types of EM Radiation ØGamma rays w highest energy on the EM spectrum w emitted by radioactive atoms w used to kill cancerous cells Radiation treatment using radioactive cobalt-60.