Tuesday January 11 2022 SEEDLESS NONVASCULAR PLANTS THE

Tuesday, January 11, 2022 SEEDLESS NON-VASCULAR PLANTS THE BRYOPHYTES 1 Packet #69 Chapter #29 Review Book pg #131

Tuesday, January 11, 2022 THE BRYOPHYTES 2 Features That Distinguish Bryophytes From Green Algae and Other Plants

Bryophytes Diversity Figure 29. 9 Page 582 Tuesday, January 11, 2022 BRYOPHYTES Bryophytes include the mosses, liverworts and hornworts Seedless plants that disperse via haploid spores Have several adaptations that green algae, a protist, lack. Cuticle Stomata Multi cellular gametangia 3

Additionally, bryophytes are non-vascular plants. Non-vascular plants lack vascular tissue, xylem and phloem, and limits them to moist environments a to small size Tuesday, January 11, 2022 BRYOPHYTES II Bryophytes are the only plants with a dominant gametophyte generation. Most of the life cycle is spent in the gametophyte generation. Sporophytes, when developed, remain permanently attached and are nutritionally dependent on the gametophyte. 4

The evolution of bryophytes is based on fossil evidence of ancient plants and on structural and molecular evidence Tuesday, January 11, 2022 THE “EVOLUTION” CONNECTION However, the fossil record is very incomplete Bryophytes may represent a side-line in evolution Hornworts, a type of bryophyte, may be the most ancient based on structural and molecular evidence 5

Tuesday, January 11, 2022 BRYOPHYTES 6 Phyla of Pryophytes

Bryophytes have been distributed around the world from the tropics to the arctic. They can exist in dry or cold habitats Tuesday, January 11, 2022 PHYLUM BRYOPHYTA THE MOSSES They can practically desiccate Rehydrates following rain events. One wetland moss, Sphagnum, forms extensive deposits of peat. 7

The mosses are colonial plants. They have rhizoids that anchor the plant in the soil. They lack true leaves, roots and stems Alternation of generations is present. Tuesday, January 11, 2022 PHYLUM BRYOPHYTA THE MOSSES 8

Some mosses have separate sexes; while others bear both archegonia (female) and antheridia (male) on the same plant Tuesday, January 11, 2022 PHYLUM BRYOPHYTA THE MOSSES 9

Steps 1 – 3 Page 581 Figure 29. 8 Page 581 Tuesday, January 11, 2022 PHYLUM BRYOPHYTA THE MOSSES Bryophytes have gametophytes that are green plants that grow from a filamentous protonema. The protonema is a green filamentous growth that arises from spore germination and eventually gives rise to a mature gametophyte. Found in liverworts and mosses 10

Step 4 - 7 Page 581 Figure 29. 8 Page 581 Tuesday, January 11, 2022 PHYLUM BRYOPHYTA THE MOSSES—REPRODUCTION I Flagellated sperm are transported to the archegonia by splashing raindrops and swim to the archegonia where they fertilize the egg Diploid zygote grows into a multicellular sporophyte Diploid sporophyte, attached to the gametophyte (archegonia) , grows as it receives nutrition. 11

Step 8 Figure 29. 8 Page 581 Tuesday, January 11, 2022 PHYLUM BRYOPHYTA THE MOSSES—REPRODUCTION II The mature sporophyte undergoes meiosis to produce haploid spores Spores are dispersed by wind. Spore germinates. Grows into a protonema that forms a bud. Protonema develops into the haploid gametophyte The dominant stage. 12

Gametophyte Sporangium Tuesday, January 11, 2022 LIFE CYCLE OF THE MOSSES 13

Sporangium Mature Sporangium Tuesday, January 11, 2022 LIFE CYCLE OF THE MOSSES 14

Germination Gametophyte Tuesday, January 11, 2022 LIFE CYCLE OF THE MOSSES 15

Tuesday, January 11, 2022 BRYOPHYTES—PHYLUM HEPATICOPHYTA 16 The Liverworts

Have gametophytes that are leafy or flattened, lobelike thalli. Tuesday, January 11, 2022 PHYLUM HEPATICOPHYTA THE LIVERWORTS The plant body is not differentiated into roots, stems and leaves— similar to what is seen in some algae, fungi and similar simple plantlike organisms. 17

Liverworts have a dominant gametophyte generation. Reproduction is similar to that of the mosses. Tuesday, January 11, 2022 PHYLUM HEPATICOPHYTA THE LIVERWORTS 18

Tuesday, January 11, 2022 BRYOPHYTES—PHYLUM ANTHOCEROTOPHYTA 19 The Hornworts

Have thalloid gametophytes Hornworts resemble liverworts but may not be closely related to them. The sporophyte, that develops after fertilization, forms a “horn. ” Tuesday, January 11, 2022 PHYLUM ANTHOCEROTOPHYTA HORNWORTS 20

Tuesday, January 11, 2022 REVIEW 21

Students List potential examination questions and/or here, and on following slides, based on the packet. Tuesday, January 11, 2022 REVIEW 22