TSUNAMI AMANO MAI SEKIYA HIDEHIKO YAMAGUCHI HIROSHI CIVIL

CONTENTS ACCIDENTS CASE 1~3 MECHANISM CAUSES OCCURRENCE TRANSMISSION • VELOCITY • HEIGHT SUBMERGENCE MITIGATION

ACCIDENTS ~CASE 1~ 1993/07/12 Okushiri Island was damaged by tsunami. FIG. 1 Picture of

ACCIDENTS ~CASE 2~ Aona port was damaged by tsunami. FIG. 2 Damage of Aona

ACCIDENTS ~CASE 3~ Inaho elementary school was damaged by tsunami. FIG. 4 Damage of

MECHANISM ~CAUSES~ The causes of tsunami Earthquakes Volcanic activities Falls of meteors 95％ of

MECHANISM ~OCCURRENCE~ When earthquake occurs, the bottom of the sea raises or sinks. The

MECHANISM ~TRANSMISSION~ 1. VELOCITY The velocity of tsunami is only influenced by depth of

MECHANISM ~TRANSMISSION~ 2. HEIGHT The height of tsunami is influenced by depth of Water.

MECHANISM ~SUBMERGENCE~ Tsunami is different from tidal wave. Concentration of tsunami Tsunami has potential

MITIGATION MEASURES Actually, there are few provisions. 1. Build a breakwater 2. Live in

CONCLUSIONS KNOWLEDGE REFUGE RECONSTRUCT 12

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TSUNAMI AMANO MAI SEKIYA HIDEHIKO YAMAGUCHI HIROSHI CIVIL ENGINEERING ENGLISH 1 2007/2/6 1

CONTENTS ACCIDENTS CASE 1~3 MECHANISM CAUSES OCCURRENCE TRANSMISSION • VELOCITY • HEIGHT SUBMERGENCE MITIGATION MEASURES CONCLUSIONS 2

ACCIDENTS ~CASE 1~ 1993/07/12 Okushiri Island was damaged by tsunami. FIG. 1 Picture of tsunami Big earthquake Big tsunami 3

ACCIDENTS ~CASE 2~ Aona port was damaged by tsunami. FIG. 2 Damage of Aona port Fishing boat and the breakwater were destroyed. (http: //www. bo-sai. co. jp/sub 8. html) FIG. 3 Damage of breakwater 4

ACCIDENTS ~CASE 3~ Inaho elementary school was damaged by tsunami. FIG. 4 Damage of Inaho elementary school (http: //www. bo-sai. co. jp/sub 8. html) TSUNAMI DAMAGE A LOT OF INFRASTRUCTURE!! 5

MECHANISM ~CAUSES~ The causes of tsunami Earthquakes Volcanic activities Falls of meteors 95％ of causes is earthquakes!!!! tsunami is constructed by three parts. 1. OCCURRENCE 2. TRANSMISSON 3. SUBMERGENCE FIG. 5 Sequence of tsunami （http: //ja. wikipedia. org/wiki/%E 6%B 4%A 5%E 6%B 3%A 2） 6

MECHANISM ~OCCURRENCE~ When earthquake occurs, the bottom of the sea raises or sinks. The reaction from changing crust lifts or pulls down seawater above that point. Mechanism of tsunami FIG. 5 -a Before tsunami TSUNAMI OCCURS FIG. 5 -b After tsunami 7

MECHANISM ~TRANSMISSION~ 1. VELOCITY The velocity of tsunami is only influenced by depth of water. g×d For example Depth of sea Velocity 10 m 500 m 4000 m 36 km/h 252 km/h 712 km/h This is that of Boeing 707!! 8

MECHANISM ~TRANSMISSION~ 2. HEIGHT The height of tsunami is influenced by depth of Water. Because depth of shore is low, height becomes too high. FIG. 6 Relationship of tsunami Too dangerous!! Maximum of height Japan 38, 2 m (1896, Meijisanrikutsunami) World 520 m (1958, Alaska) (http: //ja. wikipedia. org/wiki/%E 6%B 4%A 5%E 6%B 3%A 2) 9

MECHANISM ~SUBMERGENCE~ Tsunami is different from tidal wave. Concentration of tsunami Tsunami has potential energy. FIG. 7 -a Potential energy can concentrate in particular topography. Ex) Saw-toothed coastline It's too dangerous!!! FIG. 7 -b 10

MITIGATION MEASURES Actually, there are few provisions. 1. Build a breakwater 2. Live in a concrete building 3. Flee into the second floor if tsunami happens etc. FIG. 8 water gate “byuuo” (http: //www. pref. shizuoka. jp/doboku/buchou 1/talk 17. htm) FIG. 9 Model of “MONE’S HOUSE” (http: //www. k 3. dion. ne. jp/~monet/sub 2 zennkei. html) 11

CONCLUSIONS KNOWLEDGE REFUGE RECONSTRUCT 12