Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense By Kevin Malone Origin The
Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense By: Kevin Malone
Origin The earliest recorded account of sleeping sickness comes from upper Niger during the 14 th century n Recorded in historical writings of Ibn Khaldoun, who wrote about the disease in his account of the history of North Africa n
First Detection n The earliest detection of trypanosomes in human blood was in 1902, when R. M. Forde discovered what was then thought to be filiaria in the blood of a steamboat captain who had traveled extensively along the River Gambia
Historical Migration Factor Historically, the impact of animal trypanosomiasis were so profound that it influenced the migration routes of cattle-owning tribes into the continent who were forced to avoid the G. morsitans “fly-belts” n Also forcing European and Arab settlers into the continent, who depended on horses and oxen causing this disease to become more wide spread n
Influence Some tribes dam up water sources so the have something closer to the village n This makes the water stagnant and very susceptible to Tsetse Fly infestation n
Endemic Zones Zaïre n Uíge n Bengo n Kwanza Norte n
Victims Infects large and small mammals n Transmitted by a vector the Tsetse Fly n Around stagnant water areas and places where people rely on these pools for water n
Severity In Uganda, infections had rapid progression to the late stage (meningoencephalitic infection) in the majority of patients n Infections in Malawi were of a chronic nature, where few patients progressed to the late stage despite having infections for several months n
Prevention Since the vaccinations for this disease have very bad side effects, controlling the vector is easier n Stay away from areas where stagnant water is prevalent n
Chemical Prevention Residual insecticides such as organochlorines (DDT, Dieldrin, Endosulfan), pyrethroids (deltamethrin, permethrin, and alphamethrin), and avermectins (ivermectin) n Pyrethroids are most common because they degrade rapidly in the soil n
Drug Prevention Suramin (Germanin) 1922, Stage 1 n Pentamidine (Pentacarinat) ’ 37, Stage 1 n Melarsoprol (Arsobal) ’ 49, Stage 1 & 2 n Eflormithine (Orindyl) ’ 81, Stage 1 & 2 n
Side Effects The drugs are harmfully toxic requiring extensive hospitalization n Allergic reactions, renal complications, insoluble mixtures causing death, coma, blindness, many more n
Modern Prevention Attempts Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) first considered to control tsetse by Simpson in 1958 n Sterilize the male and release to wild females n
Works Cited www. google. com n www. cdc. com n www. dndi. org n www. who. com n www. medicalecology. org n
- Slides: 14