Trigonometric Functions Right Triangle Approach Copyright Cengage Learning

Trigonometric Functions: Right Triangle Approach Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

6. 4 Inverse Trigonometric Functions and Right Triangles Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

Objectives ► The Inverse Sine, Inverse Cosine, and Inverse Tangent Functions ► Solving for Angles in Right Triangles ► Evaluating Expressions Involving Inverse Trigonometric Functions 3

The Inverse Sine, Inverse Cosine, and Inverse Tangent Functions 4

Real Numbers Let's first consider the sine function. We restrict the domain of the sine function to angles with – /2 /2. From Figure 1 we see that on this domain the sine function attains each of the values in the [– 1, 1] interval exactly once and so is one-to-one. Restricted domains of the sine, cosine, and tangent functions Figure 1 5

Real Numbers Similarly, we restrict the domains of cosine and tangent as shown in Figure 1. On these restricted domains we can define an inverse for each of these functions. By the definition of inverse function we have 6

Real Numbers We summarize the domains and ranges of the inverse trigonometric functions in the following box. 7

Example 1 – Evaluating Inverse Trigonometric Functions Find the exact value. (a) sin– 1 (b) cos– 1 (c) tan– 1 1 Solution: (a) The angle in the interval [– /2, /2] whose sine is is /3. Thus sin– 1( ) = /3. (b) The angle in the interval [0, ] whose cosine is 2 /3. Thus cos– 1 = 2 /3. is (c) The angle in the interval [– /2, /2] whose tangent is 1 is /4. Thus tan– 1 1 = /4. 8

Solving for Angles in Right Triangles 9

Example 3 – Finding an Angle in a Right Triangle Find the angle in the triangle shown in Figure 2 Solution: Since is the angle opposite the side of length 10 and the hypotenuse has length 50, we have sin Now we can use sin– 1 to find : = Definition of sin– 1 sin 11. 5 Calculator (in degree mode) 10

Evaluating Expressions Involving Inverse Trigonometric Functions 11

Example 7 – Composing Trigonometric Functions and Their Inverses Find cos(sin– 1 ). Solution 1: Let = sin– 1. Then is the number in the interval [– /2, /2] whose sine is. Let's interpret as an angle and draw a right triangle with as one of its acute angles, with opposite side 3 and hypotenuse 5 (see Figure 6). cos = Figure 6 12

Example 7 – Solution 1 cont’d The remaining leg of the triangle is found by the Pythagorean Theorem to be 4. From the figure we get cos(sin– 1 ) = cos = So cos(sin– 1 ) =. 13

Example 7 – Solution 2 cont’d It's easy to find sin(sin– 1 ). In fact, by the cancellation properties of inverse functions, this value is exactly. To find cos(sin– 1 ), we first write the cosine function in terms of the sine function. Let u = sin– 1. Since – /2 u /2, cos u is positive, and we can write the following: cos u = Cos 2 u + sin 2 u = 1 u= Property of inverse functions: 14

Example 7 – Solution 2 cont’d Calculate So cos(sin– 1 ) =. 15