Trends in the Periodic Table The rows are

Trends in the Periodic Table

The rows are called periods (7) The columns are called groups (18)

Atomic Radius n n Atomic radius is simply the radius of the atom, an indication of the atom's volume. Atomic radius is one-half the distance between the two nuclei in a molecule consisting of two identical atoms.

Trends in Atomic Size n Period - atomic radius decreases as you go from left to right across a period. n Why? Stronger attractive forces in atoms (as you go from left to right) between the opposite charges in the nucleus and electron cloud cause the atom to be 'sucked' together a little tighter.

Trends in Atomic Size cont. n Group - atomic radius increases as you go down a group. Why? n There is a significant jump in the size of the electron cloud (energy shells) each time you move from period to period down a group. n Additionally, new energy levels of elections clouds are added to the atom as you move from period to period down a group, making the each atom significantly larger

Electronegativity is an atom's ability to attract electrons in a chemical bond.

Electronegativity Trends n n Period - electronegativity increases as you go from left to right across a period. Why? All atoms in the same period have the same number of energy levels (same degree of shielding of the nucleus), but the nuclear charge is increasing. This leads to an increased attraction for electrons from other atoms.

Electronegativity Trends cont. n n Group - electronegativity decreases as you go down a group. Why? As the atomic radius increases, the valence electrons are farther from the positively charged protons in the nucleus. Also, due to the shielding effect where electrons in lower energy levels shield the positive charge of the nucleus from outer electrons, those outer electrons not being as strongly attracted.

period

Ionization Energy n Ionization energy is the amount of energy required to remove the outermost electron(s). n Ionization energy is closely related to electronegativity.

Ionization Energy Trends n n Period - ionization energy increases as you go from left to right across a period. Why? The increased nuclear charge of each successive element produces and increased hold on the valence electrons.

Ionization Energy Trends cont. n n Group - ionization energy decreases as you go down a group. Why? The shielding effect makes it easier to remove the outer most electrons from those atoms that have many electrons (those near the bottom of the chart). Less energy is required to remove an electron that is farther from the nucleus.

Reactivity refers to how likely or vigorously an atom is to react with other substances. This is usually determined by two things:

Reactivity How easily electrons can be 1) removed (ionization energy) from an atom 2) or how badly an atom wants to take other atom's electrons (electronegativity)

The transfer/interaction of electrons is the basis of chemical reactions!

Reactivity of Metals Period - reactivity decreases as you go from left to right across a period. Group - reactivity increases as you go down a group Why? The farther to the left and down the periodic chart you go, the easier it is for electrons to be given or taken away, resulting in higher reactivity.

Reactivity of Non-Metals Period - reactivity increases as you go from the left to the right across a period. Group - reactivity decreases as you go down the group. Why? The farther right and up you go on the periodic table, the higher the electronegativity, resulting in a more vigorous exchange of electron.

Ionic Radius vs. Atomic Radius n Metals - the atomic radius of a metal is generally larger than the ionic radius of the same element. n Why? Generally, metals lose electrons to achieve the octet. This creates a larger positive charge in the nucleus than the negative charge in the electron cloud, causing the electron cloud to be drawn a little closer to the nucleus as an ion.

Ionic Radius vs. Atomic Radius Non-metals - the atomic radius of a non-metal is generally smaller than the ionic radius of the same element. n Why? Generally, non-metals gain electrons to achieve the octet. This creates a larger negative charge in the electron cloud than positive charge in the nucleus, causing the electron cloud to 'puff out' a little bit as an ion. n

Ionic Radius vs. Atomic Radius

Summary of Periodic Trends