Trematode of Ruminant Trematode of Ruminant Family Fasciolidae

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Trematode of Ruminant • Family Fasciolidae • F. gigantica, F. hepatica • Family Dicrocoelidae • Dicrocoelium dendriticum • Eurytrema pancreaticum

• Family Paramphistomatidae • Subfamily Paramphistominae • Subfamily Gastrothylaxinae “Rumen Fluke” • Subfamily Gastrodiscinae

• Family Schistosomatidae Schistosoma spindalis

Family Fasciolidae • Organ: bile duct • Host: cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat, man • Species F. hepatica: warm to cold climate F. gigantica: tropical zone

• Morphology – leaf like – oral sucker close to ventral sucker – spiny tegument – short pharynx & esophagus

– branches: intestinal caeca, testis, ovary, vitelline gland – genital pore: anterior to ventral sucker – no seminal receptacle

Fasciola sp.

• Egg: large, thin shell, operculum, embryonic cells

Fasciola hepatica • Disease: Fascioliasis, Liver Rot • Organ: bile duct • Size: 3. 0 x 1. 3 cm

Life cycle

Development in Intermediate Host • Miracidium: penetration into snail • Sporocyst: 5 -8 redia • Redia: 20 cercaria • Cercaria: cystogenous gland • Metacercaria: a few minutes to 2 hours

Redia & Cercaria

Development in Final Host Metacercaria )duodenum( Mature fluke th 8) wk( Bile duct Young fluke Abdominal cavity Liver capsule th 5 -6) wk(

Metacercaria on Plant

metacercaria

Epidemiology • Hatching factor: temp 10 -26 C • Temperature of intermediate host • Size of intermediate host • Environ. affecting growth of snail • Temp. affecting on metacercaria

Immunity against Liver Fluke • antibody: only in experimental animals • adult sheep: susceptible to (re) infection • cattle: more resistance • host of F. hepatica: mammals (horse, mule, deer, pig, man, rabbit(

Pathogenesis • depends on # metacercaria ingested • damage: migration of young adult fluke through liver parenchyma, bile duct • disease : 2 types (acute & chronic form (

Acute Fascioliasis • rare case: sheep, goat > cattle, buffalo • ingestion of huge # of metacercaria • signs: traumatic hepatitis (migration), rupture of liver capsule, internal bleeding

• PM: hepatomegaly, pale, fibrinous clot, haemorrhagic tract • secondary bacterial infection • Clostridium oedematiens “Black Disease”

Chronic Fascioliasis • Pathogenesis: anemia, albumin decreased, hepatic fibrosis • post-necrotic scarring • ischaemic fibrosis • peribiliary fibrosis • monolobular fibrosis

Chronic Fascioliasis • Calcification, bilie duct obstruction “pipe-stem liver” • Lung • calcification, cyst

Migratory Tracks: pipe-stem liver

Thickness of Bile Duct

Clinical Pathology • acute: sudden dead • subacute: anemia, pale mm. , edema, hepatomegaly, ascites • chronic: anemia, emaciation, pale m. m. , edema “bottle jaw”, ascites, eosinophilia, low production

“bottle jaw”

Diagnosis . 1 History taking. 2 Clinical signs. 3 Fecal examination. 4 Post mortem examination. 5 Serological examination: serum enzyme (GLDH, GGT(

Treatment. 1 Triclabendazole (Fasinex): 20 mg/kg. 2 Rafoxanide: 7. 5 mg/kg. 3 Nitroxynil: 10 mg/kg, S. C. . 4 Oxyclozanide

Treatment. 5 Closantel: 10 mg/kg, S. C. = 1 ml/20 kg. 6 Niclofolan: 3 mg/kg, S. C. = 1. 1 ml/50 kg. 7 Albendazole: 10 mg/kg. 8 Bithional sulphoxide: 40 mg/kg

Prevention & Control. 1 anthelmintic treatment: twice a year. 2 control & elimination of snail: Cu. SO 4. 3 fencing of water resource

Human Fascioliasis • Intermediate host: – F. hepatica: L. truncata – F. gigantica: L. auricularia rubiginosa • Thailand: F. gigantica • Infection: metacercaria (water plant(

Pathology • young adult: peritonitis, urticaria, liver abscesses • adult: thickness, inflammation, fibrosis, obstruction of bile duct • clinical signs: jaundice, pain, anorexia, vomiting, fever, anemia

• Ectopic migration young adult • brain • lung • eye • pancreas

Diagnosis • History taking • Fecal examination • Serological examination: immunodiffusion, FA test • Biopsy: ectopic case

Treatment • Praziquantel: 25 mg/kg, 2 -3 days • surgical remove: ectopic case

Prevention & Control. 1 understanding of Fascioliasis. 2 treatment. 3 elimination of intermediate host

Fasciola Gigantica • Morphology – similar to F. hepatica – size: 1. 2 x 2. 5 -7. 5 cm

Life cycle • intermediate host: L. auricularia rubiginosa • miracidium ----> cercaria = 35 -48 days • prepatent period: 4 months

Lymnaea spp.

• Host – high incidence in hosts age > 1 year • Cercaria – high # in December - April

Pathogenesis & Clinical signs • sheep: acute & chronic form • cattle: chronic form – weakness, anorexia, pale mm – bottle jaw, wt loss – calcification, thickness of bile duct

“bottle jaw”

Enlargement of gall bladder

bile duct thickening

Liver fluke in bile duct

Liver fluke in bile duct

Liver fluke in gall bladder

Fasciola gigantica

Fasciola gigantica

Fascioloides magna • Host: deer, other ruminants • Organs: liver, lung (rare( • Morphology – Oval shape, 11 -26 x 23 -100 x 2 -4. 5 mm

Fascioloides magna

Life cycle & Pathogenesis • intermediate host: Fossaria parva, Lymnaea spp. , Stagnicola spp. • liver: fibrosis, calcification, hematoma, necrosis

Fascioloides magna

Treatment & Prevention • Oxyclosanide: 13 -28. 5 mg/kg • Rafoxanide: 12 -25 mg/kg • ������ , ������� • ����

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Family Dicrocoelidae • size: small - middle • organ: bile duct • body: transparency, lanceolate shape, smooth tegument • digestive system: pharynx, esophagus, intestinal caeca

Family Dicrocoelidae • repro. system: ovary &testes = lobe • genital pore: anterior to ventral sucker • uterus: posterior half of the body • vitelline gland: lateral

Dicrocoelium dendriticum

D i c r o c o e l i u m d e n d r i t i c u m

Dicrocoelium dendriticum • host: sheep, goat, cattle, deer, pig, dog, rabbit, man • size: 6 -10 x 1. 5 -2. 5 mm • testes: tandem

Life cycle • intermediate hosts st • 1 int. host = freshwater snail nd • 2 int. host = ant (Formica, Proformica( • no redia stage

Pathogenesis • severe infection: • hyperplasia of bile duct • cirrhosis, fibrosis • anemia, emaciation, bottle jaw

T R E A T M E N T . 1 Hetolin: 19 -22 mg/kg. 2 Albendazole: 15 mg/kg. 3 Cambendazole: 25 mg/kg. 4 Fenbendazole: 150 mg/kg. 5 Thiabendazole: 200 -300 mg/kg. 6 Praziquantel: 50 mg/kg

Eurytrema pancreaticum • host: cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat • organ: pancreatic duct • size: 8 -16 x 5 -8. 5 mm • large oral sucker

Eurytrema pancreaticum • genital pore: posterior to bifurcation of intestinal caeca • cirrus sac close to ventral sucker • ovary: posterior to testis • vitelline gland: lateral

Eurytrema pancreaticum

Life cycle • intermediate host st • 1 intermediate host = land snail (bradybaena similaris, Cathaica ravida sieboldtiana( nd • 2 intermediate host = �������

• Pathogenesis • low severity • Treatment • chlorophos, bithionol, thiabendazole, albendazole, praziquantel

Family Paramphistomatidae • ruminant: rumen, reticulum • morphology • thick body, post. sucker, ventral pouch • small oral sucker, no pharynx • 2 blind intestinal caeca

Subfamily Paramphistominae • Paramphistomum cervi • Cotylophoron cotylophorum • Calicophoron calicophorum • Gygantocotyle explanatum

Subfamily Gastrothylaxinae • Gastrothylax crumenifer • Fischoderius elongatus • Fischoderius cobboldi • Carmyerius spatiosus • Carmyerius gregarius

Life cycle • one intermediate host: Lymnaea, Indoplanorbis • cercaria: eye spots, “amphistome” • young adult: small intestine ---> reticulum, rumen

• Pathogenesis: • adult: no harmful • young adult: necrosis, haemorrhage, inflammation • anemia, protein decreased, edema, emaciation

Rumen fluke in rumen

Rumen fluke in reticulum

Clinical Signs • young animal: 2 -4 wk • diarrhea (green), bad odor • emaciation • weakness • dead

Diagnosis • Fecal examination • egg: similar to Fasciola spp.

Subfamily Gastrodiscinae • Organ: large intestine (caecum( • size: 1. 6 x 0. 7 cm • tegument: papillae • dorsal: convex, ventral: concave

Subfamily Gastrodiscinae • testes: large, lobe, tandem • genital pore: anterior to intestinal caeca • ovary: small, posterior to posterior sucker • egg: 120 x 60 micron

Schistosoma spindalis • host: cattle, buffalo • organ: mesenteric vein • adult: 5 -16 mm • egg: 200 x 70 -90 micron

Schistosome in mesenteric vein

Life cycle • intermediate host: Indoplanorbis, Planorbis, Lymnaea • no redia stage • forked tail cercaria (fercocercous(

• Infection • skin penetration • ingestion of cercaria • Cercaria • hyaluronidase & collagenase

Schistosoma spp.

Pathogenesis • Cercarial dermatitis, pneumonitis • egg: irritation of blood vessels, organs • harmorrhage, edema, granuloma, abscesses • liver: cyst, calcification, cirrhosis

Clinical signs • emaciation, stunt, weakness • anemia, bottle jaw • chronic watery diarrhea • bloody diarrhea

Diagnosis • history of epidemiology • continuous diarrhea w/ blood • rectal scraping (3% malachite green(

Treatment • caution: embolism • antimonial compound, tartar emetic, niridazole, stilbofen, trichlorphon, praziquantel

Prevention & Control • Endemic area • deworm: young animal age 6 -8 mth. • Praziquantel 15 mg/kg