Trees Forests Northern Boreal Taiga Supalpine Temperate Forests

Trees & Forests

Northern Boreal (Taiga)

Supalpine

Temperate Forests a forest that grows in regions with moderate temperatures, found north and south of tropical forests

Tropical Forests both temperate and tropical are dominated by trees often forming a closed canopy with little light reaching the ground and high rainfall

Levels of the forest

Levels of the Forest Level: Emergent Layer Plant: top level of the forest formed by leaves & branches of tallest trees. Different birds (owls etc) and insects (aphids, tent caterpillars) Animal: Level: Plant: Animal: Canopy Insects, lichens, squirrels, woodpeckers many other birds Smaller trees and & shrubs Herb, Underbrush or Shubbery Layer (understory) Ferns, wildflowers and other soft stem plants, tree seedlings. Butterflies, dragonflies, mice, weasels, deer, porcupine, skunks, rabbits Forest Floor Ground cover and soil; leaf litter, mushroom, moss, flowers. Toads, salamanders, worms, bacteria, soil insects, spiders, millipedes centipedes.

Levels of the forest drawing assignment n It is your job to create a drawing and word piece that shows the levels of the forest and which living and non-living creatures live in each n This will be due on Friday before pancake breakfast n Will have some time Wednesday to work on the pieces

Who Lives on Trees and Uses Them as Homes? n n Fungi: white and brown but never green; most fungi feed on dead trees, a few on living trees. Lichens: are two plants, a fungus and an alga, that live together in symbiosis (help each other); are grey, green or orange; use the tree only for support; they look like splotches of paint. Mosses: are green, even all winter; like the cool moist bases of tree trunks, as well as fallen dead trees; use the tree just for support. Animals: include woodpeckers, squirrels, owls; many of them use trees for their homes and for their food supplies.

How Do Trees Affect a Forest? n n n They break the wind and with less air movement, there is less drying. They shade the ground from the sun thereby lowering air temperature; forests tend to be cool, humid places and the soil is moist there. Forest soil is also very rich in nutrient because of all the leaves, branches, and stems which decompose into humus.

How do Other Living Organisms Affect the Trees in a Forest? n Herbivores such as deer and caterpillars eat leaves; large populations of tent caterpillars can have a devastating effect on popular trees in Alberta, wiping out all the leaves in stands of such trees in a short time; these trees grow secondary leaves which are fewer in number and smaller in size; the trees will not survive to successive summers of tent caterpillars.

How do Other Living Organisms Affect the Trees in a Forest? n n n Coniferous trees are also affected by certain insects; the spruce bud worm kills the growing shoots on spruce trees. Birds can hurt trees; yellow-bellied sapsuckers peck rows of shallow holes around the trunk of trees to draw out the sap; often the birds will make a series of holes in one tree and drain enough sap to kill sections of the tree. Blight, which is a kind of fungus, can get on leaves and into the wood of tree stems, gradually destroying leaves or wood and eventually killing the tree.