Transport across cell membrane by Vani Gupta Types
Transport across cell membrane by Vani Gupta
Types of cell membrane transport Factors affecting transport Cell membrane Chemical gradient Electrical gradient Rate of transport Passive transport Diffusion Osmosis Facilitated diffusion Active transport Pumps phagocytosis Endocytosis/exocytosis
Factors affecting transport: cell membrane � The cell needs to absorb and excrete various compounds throughout its life. � These compounds need to pass through the membrane which is made from a phospholipid bilayer � The phospholipid bilayer is formed by phospholipid molecules �bipolar molecule: the fatty acid side is hydrophobic, the phosphoric side is hydrophilic
The membrane is permeable to: The membrane is impermeable to: v Small, charged molecules v “large molecules” such as amino acids, glucose and larger v H 2 O v Gases (O 2, CO 2, N 2) v These compounds must go v Lipids through channels present in the v Small, neutral molecules (such as membrane in order to enter or urea) exit the cell
Factors affecting transport: Chemical gradient �Compound moves from an area of high concentration to low concentration (or concentration gradient) �All compounds permeable to the phospholipid bilayer will move this way
Factors affecting transport: Electrical force �Positive ions are attracted to negative ions and vice versa �Ions are repelled by ions of the same charge (+ against + and – against -)
Movement across the cell membrane �Both chemical and electrical forces (electrochemical force) drive the movement of compounds across the cell membrane
Factors affecting the rate of transport v The rate of transport will depend on: v The concentration gradient v The compound permeability to the membrane v The type and number of charges present on the compound
Crossing the cell membrane �fats and oils can pass directly through inside cell lipid waste outside cell sugar sat aa H 2 O
Types of Transport Proteins �Channel proteins are embedded in the cell membrane & have a pore for materials to cross Carrier proteins can change shape to move material from one side of the membrane to the other
Cell membrane channels �Need to make “doors” through membrane �protein channels allow substances in & out � specific channels allow specific material in & out � H 2 O channel, salt channel, sugar channel, etc. inside cell outside cell
Protein channels �Proteins act as doors in the membrane �channels to move specific molecules through cell membrane � HIGH LOW
Passive transport Compounds will move from area of high concentration toward area of lower concentration �No ATP is needed for this type of transport �Passive transport mainly TWO types A-Osmosis B-Diffusion-diffusion again two types a-simple diffusion- no energy needed b- facilitated diffusion- no energy needed -help through a protein channel
Osmosis � Each compound obeys the law of diffusion � diffusion of water from HIGH concentration of water to LOW concentration of water � across a semi-permeable membrane � However, some compounds are unable to cross the cell membrane (glucose, electrolytes…) � Water can cross �will enter or exit the cell depending its concentration gradient.
where is osmosis important
Cells in Solutions
PLASMOLYSIS Isotonic Solution NO NET MOVEMENT OF H 2 O (equal amounts entering & leaving) Hypotonic Solution CYTOLYSIS Hypertonic Solution PLASMOLYSIS
Diffusion Simple diffusion�no energy needed �Movement across higher to lower concentration gradient. Facilitated diffusion� Some compounds are unable to diffuse through the membrane. �They will be allow to cross if the membrane has proteins that can bind these compounds and enable to cross toward the area of lower concentration
Simple and facilitated diffusion � simple diffusion inside cell lipid facilitated diffusion inside cell H 2 O protein channel outside cell H 2 O
Simple Diffusion v Doesn’t require energy v Moves high to low concentration v. Example: Oxygen or water diffusing into a cell and carbon dioxide diffusing out.
Simple Diffusion The rate of diffusion will be increased when there is : Concentration: the difference in between two areas (the gradient) causes diffusion. The greater the difference in concentration, the faster the diffusion. Molecular size: smaller substances diffuse more quickly. Large molecules (such as starches and proteins) simply cannot diffuse through. Shape of Ion/Molecule: a substance’s shape may prevent it from diffusing rapidly, where others may have a shape that aids their diffusion. Viscosity of the Medium: the lower the viscosity, the more slowly molecules can move through it.
Movement of the Medium: currents will aid diffusion. Like the wind in air, cytoplasmic steaming (constant movement of the cytoplasm) will aid diffusion in the cell. Solubility: lipid - soluble molecules will dissolve through the phospholipid bilayer easily, as will gases like CO 2 and O 2. Polarity: water will diffuse, but because of its polarity, it will not pass through the non-polar phospholipids. Instead, water passes though specialized protein ion channels
Facilitated diffusion v. Doesn’t require energy v. Uses transport proteins to move high to low concentration Examples: Glucose or amino acids moving from blood into a cell.
where is facilitated transport important
Active Transport - Pumps - phagocytosis - Endocytosis/exocytosis
Active transport v. ATP (energy) is needed pump v. Moves materials from LOW to HIGH concentration v. AGAINST concentration gradient
Example-1 ATPase pumps �The most common: Na/K pumps �reestablish membrane potential. Present in all cells. �Two K+ ions are exchanged with 3 Na + ions
�EXAMPLES OF ACTIVE TRANSPORT �Example 2: the thyroid gland accumulates iodine as it is needed to manufacture the hormone thyroxin. �The iodine concentration can be as much as 25 times more concentrated in the thyroid than in blood.
�Example 3: In order to make ATP in the mitochondria, a proton pump (hydrogen ion) is required.
� where is active transport important
Endocytosis � Endocytosis: (“Endo” means “in”). � Endocytosis is the taking in of molecules or particles by invagination of the cell membrane forming a vesicle. Integrity of plasma membrane is maintained. � This requires energy. � Endocytosis is fallowed by exocytosis on the other side. – Transcytosis, vesicle trafficking, or cytopempsis.
There are two types of endocytosis 1. pinocytosis (cell drinking): small molecules are ingested and a vesicle is immediately formed. This is seen in small intestine cells (villi) 2. phagocytosis (cell eating): large particles, (visible with light microscope) are invaginated into the cell (ie: white blood cells ‘eat’ bacteria
Phagocytosis �Used to engulf large particles such as food, bacteria, etc. into vesicles �Called “Cell Eating
�Capture of a Yeast Cell (yellow) by Membrane Extensions of an Immune System Cell (blue)
Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis Some integral proteins have receptors on their surface to recognize & take in hormones, cholesterol, etc.
Exocytosis �Exocytosis: (“Exo” means “out”. ) • Exocytosis is the reverse of endocytosis. • This is where a cell releases the contents of a vesicle outside of the cell. • These contents may be wastes, proteins, hormones, or some other product for secretion. • This also requires energy. • Example: vesicles from the Golgi fuse with the plasma membrane and the proteins are released outside of the cell.
�Fusion of vesicle with plasma membrane is mediated by a number of accessory proteins- SNARE protein. �Require stimulus and Ca. �Exception- Renin from JG cells and PTH from parathyroid gland by decrease in intracellular Ca. �Constitutive Secretion- Immunoglobulin from plasma Cells and collagen from fibroblast. �Regulated- endocrine gland, pancreatic acinar cells
Membrane Transport Proteins � � 1. Water Channels or Aquaporins (AQPs) – 12 types Amount of water is regulated by No. of AQPs They are known as gated channel although they are pores. Two types a) Aquaporins- only water. b) Aquaglyceroporins- also for small molecules.
2 - Ion Channels�All cells specially on excitable cells – Neurons and muscle cells �Selective and non selective �Gated – voltage gated and extracellular agonist or antagonist gated ex – acetylcholine gated cationic specific channel at motor end plate of skeletal muscle. �Conductance- 1 -2 picosimens and > 100 picosimens. �Ex- Na, K, Ca, Cl, Anion , cation.
3. Solute Carriers� > 40 types , > 300 transporters. � three gps-1. Uniporters- single molecule across the membrane (GLUT ) 2. Symporters- Two or more molecules Ex- Na-k-cl Symporter (Kidney) Na - Glucose Cotransporter. 3. Antiporters- Two or more molecules in opposite directions Ex : Na- H antiporter ( PH regulation) 3 Na- Ca , Cl- HCO 3
4. ATP DEPENDENT TRANSPORTERS � 1. ATPase Ion Transporters 1. P- Type- gate phosphorylted during transport. Na- K ATP ase. 2. V- Type- Vacuolar H- ATPase – urine acidification on Vacules like endosomes and lysosomes. � 2. ATP – binding cassette (ABC) transporters – 7 subgroups transport diverse group of ions ex- Cl, Cholesterol, bile acids, drugs, iron and organic anions. �EX: - Cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator.
Molecular Motors: �Kinesin- over the microtubule �Dynein- retrogate transport �Myosin- over the microfilaments. - 18 types a
Q-1 all membrane processes, such as pumping and channelling of molecules are carried out by. �a-lipid �b-carbohydrate �c-nucleic acid �d-protein
�Q-2 Which of the following statement about membrane transport protein is incorrect �a-carrier proteins are similar to enzymes in that they show saturation �b-carrier protein can facilitate both active and passive transport �c-channel protein can facilitate both active and passive transport �d-the Na+ /Glucose transport protein carries out secondary active transport. 47
Q-3 Diffusion across the plasma membrane is more rapid if a substance is �a-a protein �b-hydrophilic �c-high in its oil : water partition coefficient �d-larger and globular in shape 48
�Q-4 the difference between simple diffusion and facilitated transport is that facilitated transport. �a-is concentration dependent �b-occurs across plasma membrane �c-require membrane protein �d-utilize a substance moving with its concentration gradient 49
Q-5 Erythrocyte glucose transporter specifically transports glucose down its concentration gradient and exhibit hyperbolic saturation kinetics. This is an example of �a-active mediated transport �b-passive mediated transport �c-non- mediated transport �d-group translocation 50
Q-6 which one of the following is a correct statement for Na-K ATPase. a-it gives out 3 Na-ions and takes in 2 K-ions b- it gives out 2 Na-ions and takes in 3 K-ions c- it gives out 3 Ca-ions and takes in 2 K-ions d-it gives out 3 Na-ions and takes in 2 Ca-ions 51
Q 7 -which of the following effects of the steroid digitalis is observed after treatment of congestive heart failure. �a-decrease in cytosolic sodium levels �b-inhibition of Na-K ATPase �c-decrease in the force of heart muscle contraction �d-stimulation of the plasma membrane ion pump. 52
Q 8 -you wish to design a new drug which will act as an ionophore to deliver Ca 2+ across the nerve cell membrane. This drug would most likely be �a-hydrophobic on the outside and hydrophilic on inside �b-insoluble in lipid �c-soluble in proteins �d-smaller than 0. 001 nm in diameter 53
Q 9 - the process by which a cell secretes macromolecule by fusing a vesicle to the plasma membrane is called �a-endocytosis �b-exocytosis �c-pinocytosis �d-phagocytosis 54
Q 10 - free fatty acids enter cell by �a-passive diffusion �b-active diffusion �c- through carrier protein �d – Active transport 55
�Q-11 Aquaporins transporta. Water only b. water and small molecules. c. Water and Glucose d. Water and salt. 56
�Q-12 Which of the fallowing is responsible for PH Regulationa. Antiporters. b. Symporters c. Uniporters. d. Co-porters. 57
�Q-13 V type – transporters are a. ATPase dependent. b. Symporters. c. Carrier Proteins. d. Receptor Proteins. 58
�Q-14. GLUT is an example ofa. Antiporters. b. Symporters c. Uniporters. d. Co-porters. 59
�Q-15 Presence of Ion channels are must on a. Excitable tissue. b. Non excitable tissue. c. Renal tissue d. Cardiac muscle. 60
�Q-16 Na- K ATPase transport Na�a. Towards Concentration gradient. �b. Against Concentration gradient. �c. Towards electro chemical gradient. �d. Against electrochemical gradient. 61
�Q-17. Rennin secretion from JG cells is an example ofa. ) Exocytosis b. ) pincocytosis c. ) Vacular movement. d. ) Transcytosis. 62
�Q. - 18. PTH secretion fro parathyroid glands requirea. ) low intracellular Ca. b. ) high Intracellular Ca. c. ) Low intracellular K. d. ) high Intracellular K. 63
�Q-19. Transcytosis incudesa. Endocytosis and phagocytosis. b. Endocytosis and pincocytosis. c. Endocytosis and exocytosis. d. Endocytosis only. 64
Q-20. Transcytosis occurs at a). Epethelial Cells. b). Endocrine Cells. c). Nerve cells. d). None of the above. 65
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